Liam A. M. Ryan

The use of sourdough fermented by antifungal LAB to reduce the amount of calcium propionate in bread

Addition of sourdough is a common practice in the bakery industry to improve, among other quality parameters, the shelf life of bread. In this study, sourdough fermented by antifungal Lactobacillus plantarum strains was investigated for the ability to inhibit growth of common bread spoilage fungi. In both in vitro and sourdough wheat bread system, the antifungal sourdoughs significantly affected the outgrowth of Aspergillus niger, Fusarium culmorum, or Penicillium expansum spores, however on wheat bread outgrowth of Penicillium roqueforti spores was not affected. In an attempt to reduce the amounts of chemical additives in bread, the antifungal sourdoughs were used in combination with calcium propionate (CAP) and possible synergistic effects were evaluated. Presence of 3000 ppm CAP in the bread did not affect the outgrowth of P. roqueforti, whereas outgrowth of the other fungi was retarded. A strong synergistic effect was observed when CAP and antifungal sourdoughs were combined into the bread formulation, and outgrowth of P. roqueforti was affected. The use of reduced CAP amount (1000 ppm) showed significant inhibition only when antifungal sourdough was added. Remarkably, the increase in shelf life achieved was higher than that obtained using 3000 ppm of CAP alone. In conclusion, the results of this study clearly show that the addition of antifungal sourdough has the potential to reduce the levels of chemical additives needed in the bakery industry to ensure the microbiological safety of bread.

Lactobacillus amylovorus DSM 19280 as a novel food-grade antifungal agent for bakery products

Mould spoilage is the main cause of substantial economic loss in bakery industry and might also cause public health problems due to the production of mycotoxins. The reduction of mould growth in bakery products is thus of crucial importance and there is great interest to develop safe and efficient strategies for this purpose. In this study Lactobacillus amylovorus DSM19280 has been shown to produce a wide spectrum of antifungal compounds active against common bread spoilage fungi. Among the indicator moulds, Aspergillus fumigatus and Fusarium culmorum were the most sensitive organisms. Several antifungal compounds were found to be present in synthetic medium inoculated with L. amylovorus DSM19280 strain, some of them being reported here for the first time. Wheat doughs fermented with L. amylovorus DSM19280 had good rheological properties and the breads thereof were of high quality as shown by rheofermentometer and texture analyser measurements. The results were compared with those obtained with a control non-antifungal L. amylovorus DSM20531(T) strain, a non-acidified and a chemically acidified dough. The quality of sourdough and bread fermented with L. amylovorus DSM 19280 was comparable to that obtained by using L. amylovorus DSM20531 (T). Additionally, breads were evaluated for the ability to retard the growth of Fusarium culmorum FST 4.05, Aspergillus niger FST4.21, Penicillium expansum FST 4.22, Penicillium roqueforti FST 4.11 and fungal flora from the bakery environment. The biological preservation of bread with L. amylovorus DSM 19280 was also compared to the most commonly used antifungal agent Calcium propionate. Breads containing sourdough fermented with L. amylovorus DSM 19280 were more effective in extending the shelf life of bread than the calcium propionate.

The Impact of Salt Reduction in Bread: A Review

The dietary intake of sodium chloride has increased considerably over the last few decades due to changes in the human diet. This higher intake has been linked to a number of diseases including hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases. Numerous international health agencies, as well as the food industry, have now recommended a salt intake level of about 5–6 g daily, approximately half the average current daily intake level. Cereal products, and in particular bread, are a major source of salt in the diet. Therefore, any reduction in the level of salt in bread would have a major impact on global health. However, salt is a critical ingredient in bread production, and its reduction can have a deleterious effect on the production process. This includes an impact on dough handling, as well as final bread quality characteristics, including shelf-life, bread volume, and sensory characteristics, all deviating from the expectations of bakers and consumers. This review describes the effect of salt reduction during bread production and the resulting problems, both technological and qualitative, as well as evaluating some techniques commonly used to replace sodium chloride.

Detection and quantitation of 2,5-diketopiperazines in wheat sourdough and bread.

Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to quantify the levels of the 2,5-diketopiperazines cis-cyclo(L-Leu-L-Pro) and cis-cyclo(L-Phe-L-Pro) in acidified dough and bread. Dough acidification led to a significant increase in the level of cis-cyclo(L-Leu-L-Pro) and cis-cyclo(L-Phe-L-Pro) over 48 h compared to a nonacidified dough. However, no differences were found between chemically (mix of lactic and acetic acid in the presence of antibiotics) and biologically acidified doughs. On examination of the levels of cis-cyclo(L-Leu-L-Pro) and cis-cyclo(L-Phe-L-Pro) in bread crumb and crust, it was found that temperature is the main causative agent of 2,5-diketopiperazine formation during the baking process. Bread crumb and crust contained almost 100 and 2000 times respectively the levels found in dough prior to baking. cis-Cyclo(L-Leu-L-Pro) and cis-cyclo(L-Phe-L-Pro) were also found to be at sensorally active levels in bread crust, however both 2,5-diketopiperazines were found to be below the minimum inhibitory concentration for antifungal activity in bread.

Quantification of phenyllactic acid in wheat sourdough using high resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

In this study, high-resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HRGC-MS) was successfully used to quantify the level of phenyllactic acid produced by Lactobacillus plantarum strains during sourdough fermentation. Investigation of samples collected during fermentation revealed that the production of phenyllactic acid occurs throughout the growth of L. plantarum in sourdough, but the highest production rate was observed during the logarithmic growth phase. The highest amount, that is, 33.47 mg of phenyllactic acid/kg of dough, was measured in sourdough fermented by the antifungal strain L. plantarum FST 1.7. Sourdoughs fermented by different L. plantarum strains contained different amounts of phenyllactic acid, thus indicating that the production is strain-dependent. Phenylacetic acid was also detected during sourdough analysis, thus showing that the HRGC-MS protocol developed is suitable for the detection not only of phenyllactic acid, but also of a broader range of phenolic acids that are highly relevant, but present in very low amounts in sourdough.

Pressure-Induced Gelatinization of Starch in Excess Water

High pressure processing is a promising non-thermal technology for the development of fresh-like, shelf-stable foods. The effect of high pressure on starch has been explored by many researchers using a wide range of techniques. In general, heat and pressure have similar effects: if sufficiently high, they both induce gelatinization of starch in excess water, resulting in a transition of the native granular structure to a starch paste or gel. However, there are significant differences in the structural and rheological properties between heated and pressurized starches. These differences offer benefits with respect to new product development. However, in order to implement high-pressure technology to starch and starch-containing products, a good understanding of the mechanism of pressure-induced gelatinization is necessary. Studies that are published in this area are reviewed, and the similarities and differences between starches gelatinized by pressure and by temperature are summarized.