Linda Marchese

Noise-equivalent power characterization of an uncooled microbolometer-based THz imaging camera

A THz camera based on an uncooled microbolometer 160X120 pixel array with nominal pitch of 52 μm has been developed at INO and initial transmission and reflection images showed promise. In the present paper, the characterization of both standard infrared and THz-optimized uncooled microbolometer pixel arrays are presented at both infrared and THz wavelengths. Measurements in the THz region has been performed using non-uniform low-power quantum-cascade laser (QCL) and uniform high-power far-infrared laser (FIR laser) beams at 3 THz and 4.25 and 2.54 THz, respectively. A measurement comparison has been achieved in the infrared using a blackbody radiation. Different methods for noise-equivalent power (NEP) measurements have been investigated. These characterization methods are promising especially for non-uniform laser beams irradiated on pixel arrays. The NEP results obtained from the different methods are in good agreement independent of the method used in the experiments. The results show a high sensitivity of the THz-optimized pixel array in the THz region. Large beam area reflection imaging of obscured materials at 2.54 THz have been performed at video rates of 30 frames per second using the THz-optimized pixel array equipped with a semi-custom fast THz objective, proving that the INO THz camera provides a promising solution for stand-alone imaging systems.

A microbolometer-based THz imager

THz imaging is a very promising field rapidly growing in importance. This expanding field is at its early stage of development but already a large number of applications are foreseen. THz imaging promises to be a key technology in various fields, such as defense & security where it can be used to defeat camouflage. Based on its many years of experience in uncooled bolometers technology, INO has developed, assembled and characterized a prototype THz imager. The cameras 160 × 120 pixel array consists of pixels with a 52 μm pitch that have been optimized for the THz region. Custom camera electronics and an F/1 THz lens barrel complete the imager design. Real-time imaging at video rate of 30 frame/sec has been performed with a 3 THz quantum cascade laser set-up. THz images of numerous object-obscurant combinations are presented, proving the feasibility of video imaging in security screening applications.

Optical SAR processor for space applications

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) systems typically generate copious amounts of data in the form of complex values difficult to compress. Processing this data provides real-valued images that are easier to compress, however comprehensive processing capabilities are required. Optical processor architectures provide inherent parallel computing capabilities that could be used advantageously for SAR data processing. Onboard SAR image generation would provide local access to processed information paving the way for real-time decisions. This could also provide benefits to navigation strategy or automatic instruments orientation. Moreover, for interplanetary missions or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), onboard analysis of images could provide important feature identification clues and could help select the appropriate images to be transmitted to the ground (Earth). This would reduce the data throughput requirements and the related transmission bandwidth. This paper reviews the preliminary work performed for the analysis of SAR image generation using an optical processor and describes the set-up of an optical SAR processor prototype. Results of optical reconstruction of SAR signals acquired with a state-of-the-art SAR satellite are presented. Real-time processing capabilities and dynamic range calculations for a tracking optical processor architecture are also discussed.

A real-time high-resolution optical SAR processor

An optical SAR processor prototype exhibiting real-time and fine sampling capabilities has been successfully developed and tested. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images are typically processed digitally applying dedicated Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithms. These operations are time consuming and require a large amount of processing power and are often performed in one dimension at a time. A true two dimensional Fourier transform may be instead performed through optics, as optical processing provides inherent parallel computing capabilities. By processing the azimuth and slant range directions simultaneously, a reduction in processing time and power is achieved. In addition, the configuration of the optics is such that high resolution images may be obtained at no additional processing cost. The optical SAR processor is also designed to adapt to SAR system parameter changes. It has the capability to produce full Envisat / ASAR scenes from the various image mode swaths (IS1 - IS7) within tens of seconds. This paper reviews the design of the real-time high resolution optical SAR processor prototype and discusses the results of images reconstructed from simulated point targets as well as from Envisat / ASAR data sets.

Uncooled detector, optics, and camera development for THz imaging

A prototype THz imaging system based on modified uncooled microbolometer detector arrays, INO MIMICII camera electronics, and a custom f/1 THz optics has been assembled. A variety of new detector layouts and architectures have been designed; the detector THz absorption was optimized via several methods including integration of thin film metallic absorbers, thick film gold black absorbers, and antenna structures. The custom f/1 THz optics is based on high resistivity floatzone silicon with parylene anti-reflection coating matched to the wavelength region of interest. The integrated detector, camera electronics, and optics are combined with a 3 THz quantum cascade laser for initial testing and evaluation. Future work will include the integration of fully optimized detectors and packaging and the evaluation of the achievable NEP with an eye to future applications such as industrial inspection and stand-off detection.

Resolution capability comparison of infrared and terahertz imagers

Infrared and terahertz are two imaging technologies that differ fundamentally in numerous aspects. Infrared imaging is an efficient passive technology whereas terahertz technology is an active technology requiring some kind of illumination to be efficient. Whats more, the detectors are also different and yield differences in the fundamental physics when integrated in a complete system. One of these differences lies in the size of the detectors. Infrared detectors are typically larger than the infrared wavelengths whereas terahertz detectors are typically smaller than the wavelength of illumination. This results in different constraints when designing these systems, constraints that are imposed by the resolution capabilities of the system. In the past INO has developed an infrared imaging camera core of 1024×768 pixels and tested some microscanning devices to improve its sampling frequency and ultimately its resolution. INO has also engineered detectors and camera cores specifically designed for active terahertz imaging with smaller dimensions (160×120 pixels). In this paper the evaluation of the resolution capabilities of a terahertz imager at the pixel level is performed. The resolution capabilities for the THz are evaluated in the sub-wavelength range, which is not actually possible in the infrared wavebands. Based on this evaluation, the comparison between the resolution limits of infrared detectors and the terahertz detectors at the pixel level is performed highlighting the differences between the wavebands and their impact on system design.

Video-rate THz imaging using a microbolometer-based camera

A THz 160×120 pixel array camera has been developed at INO. Real-time transmission and reflectance imaging at video rates of 30 frames/s were performed with a low-power 3 THz quantum cascade laser. Various hidden objects were imaged, proving feasibility of real-time THz imaging for security screening applications.

Advanced microbolometer detectors for a next-generation uncooled FPA for space-based thermal remote sensing

INO has established a VOx-based uncooled microbolometer detector technology and an expertise in the development of custom detectors and focal plane arrays. Thanks to their low power consumption and broadband sensitivity, uncooled microbolometer detectors are finding an increased number of applications in the field of space-based thermal remote sensing. A mission requirement study has identified at least seven applications with a need for data in the MWIR (3-8 μm), LWIR (8-15 μm) and or FIR (15-100 μm) wavelength bands. The requirement study points to the need for two main classes of uncooled thermal detectors, the first requiring small and fast detectors for MWIR and LWIR imaging with small ground sampling distance, and the second requiring larger detectors with sensitivity out to the FIR. In this paper, the simulation, design, microfabrication and radiometric testing of detectors for these two classes of requirements will be presented. The performance of the experimental detectors closely approach the mission requirements and show the potential of microbolometer technology to fulfill the requirements of future space based thermal imaging missions.

Performances of the SAC-D NIRST flight model radiometer

Aquarius/SAC-D is a cooperative international mission conducted jointly by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States of America and the Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales of Argentina. Jointly developed by CONAE and the Canadian Space Agency, the New IR Sensor Technology (NIRST) instrument will monitor high temperature events. NIRST has one band in the mid-wave infrared and two bands in the thermal infrared. The baseline design of the NIRST is based on microbolometer technology developed jointly by INO and the CSA. This paper will first present an overview of the design of the NIRST camera module. The manufacturing and qualification activities for the Flight Model will be described and key performance parameters, as measured during the verification campaign, will be reported.

Full scene SAR processing in seconds using a reconfigurable optronic processor

This paper introduces a compact real-time reconfigurable optronic SAR processor. SAR images are typically processed electronically applying dedicated Fourier transformations. The optronic processor performs these tasks at the speed of light. The prototype has the capability to generate a SAR image blocks in about 1.5 seconds and a complete ASAR scene in about 10 seconds. It may be instantaneously reconfigured to process data from any of the 7 ASAR image swath modes. In addition to being real-time and reconfigurable, the prototype is also light weight, small and low power consuming, thus well-suited for on-board SAR image processing.