Ling Zou

High-performance beating pattern function of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte-based biosensors for hERG inhibition recognition

High-throughput and high clinical relevance methods are demanded to predict the drug-induced cardiotoxicity in pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries to effectively decrease late-stage drug attrition. In this study, human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) were integrated into an interdigital impedance sensor array to fabricate a high performance iPSC-CM-based biosensor array with high-throughput and high-consistency beating pattern. Typical withdrawal approved drugs (astemizole, sertindole, cisapride, and droperidol) with hERG inhibition and positive control E-4031 were employed to determine the beating pattern function. From the results, it can be concluded that this iPSC-CM-based biosensor array can specifically differentiate the hERG inhibitors from the non-hERG inhibition compounds through beating pattern function.

An improved sensitive assay for the detection of PSP toxins with neuroblastoma cell-based impedance biosensor

Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins are well-known sodium channel-blocking marine toxins, which block the conduction of nerve impulses and lead to a series of neurological disorders symptoms. However, PSP toxins can inhibit the cytotoxicity effect of compounds (e.g., ouabain and veratridine). Under the treatment of ouabain and veratridine, neuroblastoma cell will swell and die gradually, since veratridine causes the persistent inflow of Na(+) and ouabain inhibits the activity of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPases. Therefore, PSP toxins with antagonism effect can raise the chance of cell survival by blocking inflow of Na(+). Based on the antagonism effect of PSP toxins, we designed an improved cell-based assay to detect PSP toxins using a neuroblastoma cell-based impedance biosensor. The results demonstrated that this biosensor showed high sensitivity and good specificity for saxitoxins detection. The detection limit of this biosensor was as low as 0.03 ng/ml, which was lower than previous reported cell-based assays and mouse bioassays. With the improvement of biosensor performance, the neuroblastoma cell-based impedance biosensor has great potential to be a universal PSP screening method.

An ATP sensitive light addressable biosensor for extracellular monitoring of single taste receptor cell

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is considered as the key neurotransmitter in taste buds for taste signal transmission and processing. Measurements of ATP secreted from single taste receptor cell (TRC) with high sensitivity and specificity are essential for investigating mechanisms underlying taste cell-to-cell communications. In this study, we presented an aptamer-based biosensor for the detection of ATP locally secreted from single TRC. ATP sensitive DNA aptamer was used as recognition element and its DNA competitor was served as signal transduction element that was covalently immobilized on the surface of light addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS). Due to the light addressable capability of LAPS, local ATP secretion from single TRC can be detected by monitoring the working potential shifts of LAPS. The results show this biosensor can detect ATP with high sensitivity and specificity. It is demonstrated this biosensor can effectively detect the local ATP secretion from single TRC responding to tastant mixture. This biosensor could provide a promising new tool for the research of taste cell-to-cell communications as well as for the detection of local ATP secretion from other types of ATP secreting individual cells.

Label-free functional assays of chemical receptors using a bioengineered cell-based biosensor with localized extracellular acidification measurement.

New methods for functional assays of chemical receptors are highly essential for the research of chemical signal transduction mechanisms and for the development of chemical biosensors. This study described a novel bioengineered cell-based biosensor for label-free functional assays of chemical receptors by localized extracellular acidification measurement with a light-addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS). A human taste receptor, hT2R4, and an olfactory receptor of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), ODR-10, were selected as models of chemical receptors, which were expressed on the plasma membrane of human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells. The specific ligand binding function of expressed chemical receptors was monitored by localized extracellular acidification measurement using LAPS chip with a movable focused laser illuminating on the desired single cell. The function of expressed olfactory receptors was further validated using MDL12330A, which can specifically inhibit the activity of adenylyl cyclase. The obtained results indicate that both of chemical receptors were successfully expressed in HEK-293 cells and can be functionally assayed by this bioengineered cell-based biosensor that shows dose-dependent responses to the target ligands of chemical receptors. This bioengineered cell-based biosensor exhibits the sensitivity of 1.0 mV/s for hT2R4 assays, and 9.8 mV/s for ODR-10 assays. The negative control cells without any chemical receptor expression show no response to all the chemical stimuli tested. All the results demonstrate this bioengineered cell-based biosensor can be used to detect the interactions between chemical receptors and their ligands. This provides a valuable and promising approach for label-free functional assays of chemical receptors as well as for the research of other GPCRs.

A novel sensitive cell-based Love Wave biosensor for marine toxin detection

A novel HepG2 cell-based biosensor using Love Wave sensor was developed to implement the real-time and sensitive detection of a diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxin, Okadaic acid (OA). Detachable Love Wave sensor unit and miniaturized 8-channel recording instrument were designed for the convenient experimental preparation and sensor response signal measurement. The Love Wave sensor, whose synchronous frequency is around 160 MHz, was fabricated with ST-cut quartz substrate. To establish a cell-based biosensor, HepG2 cells as sensing elements were cultured onto the Love Wave sensor surface, and the cell attachment process was recorded by this biosensor. Results showed this sensor could monitor the cell attachment process in real time and response signals were related to the initial cell seeding densities. Furthermore, cell-based Love Wave sensor was treated with OA toxin. This biosensor presented a good performance to various OA concentrations, with a wide linear detection range (10-100 μg/L). Based on the ultrasensitive acoustic wave platform, this cell-based biosensor will be a promising tool for real-time and convenient OA screening.

Detection of cardiovascular drugs and marine toxins using a multifunctional cell-based impedance biosensor system

With growing concern about human health, relevant drug and food toxicity has drawn more and more attention. However, traditional methods like mouse bioassays cannot meet the sharply increasing demand for drug and food toxicity assessment. In this study, a multifunctional cell-based impedance biosensor system is established for drug and toxin analysis, using a cell-based impedance biosensor (CIB) as the sensitive element. Cellular growth and beating experiments were carried out to verify the multifunctionality of the system. Four typical heart-related compounds including verapamil, bay K8644, chromanol 293B, and adriamycin were used for cardiotoxicity analysis function tests of the CIB system. Also, one typical marine diarrhetic toxin, okadaic acid (OA), was used for cytotoxicity analysis function tests of the CIB system. From the results, the CIB system can reflect the drug function and toxicity directly through the cell growth and beating status. According to the results, the multifunctional CIB system may provide a high-throughput and useful method for effective screening of cardiovascular drugs and marine toxins in vitro.

Biomimetic chemical sensors using bioengineered olfactory and taste cells.

Biological olfactory and taste systems are natural chemical sensing systems with unique performances for the detection of environmental chemical signals. With the advances in olfactory and taste transduction mechanisms, biomimetic chemical sensors have achieved significant progress due to their promising prospects and potential applications. Biomimetic chemical sensors exploit the unique capability of biological functional components for chemical sensing, which are often sourced from sensing units of biological olfactory or taste systems at the tissue level, cellular level, or molecular level. Specifically, at the cellular level, there are mainly two categories of cells have been employed for the development of biomimetic chemical sensors, which are natural cells and bioengineered cells, respectively. Natural cells are directly isolated from biological olfactory and taste systems, which are convenient to achieve. However, natural cells often suffer from the undefined sensing properties and limited amount of identical cells. On the other hand, bioengineered cells have shown decisive advantages to be applied in the development of biomimetic chemical sensors due to the powerful biotechnology for the reconstruction of the cell sensing properties. Here, we briefly summarized the most recent advances of biomimetic chemical sensors using bioengineered olfactory and taste cells. The development challenges and future trends are discussed as well.

High-efficient and high-content cytotoxic recording via dynamic and continuous cell-based impedance biosensor technology

Cell-based bioassays were effective method to assess the compound toxicity by cell viability, and the traditional label-based methods missed much information of cell growth due to endpoint detection, while the higher throughputs were demanded to obtain dynamic information. Cell-based biosensor methods can dynamically and continuously monitor with cell viability, however, the dynamic information was often ignored or seldom utilized in the toxin and drug assessment. Here, we reported a high-efficient and high-content cytotoxic recording method via dynamic and continuous cell-based impedance biosensor technology. The dynamic cell viability, inhibition ratio and growth rate were derived from the dynamic response curves from the cell-based impedance biosensor. The results showed that the biosensors has the dose-dependent manners to diarrhetic shellfish toxin, okadiac acid based on the analysis of the dynamic cell viability and cell growth status. Moreover, the throughputs of dynamic cytotoxicity were compared between cell-based biosensor methods and label-based endpoint methods. This cell-based impedance biosensor can provide a flexible, cost and label-efficient platform of cell viability assessment in the shellfish toxin screening fields.

A novel Love Wave biosensor for rapid and sensitive detection of marine toxins

Marine toxins are produced by plankton and do a great harm to human through food chain by accumulating in shellfishes and fishes. It is highly required and favorable to develop novel methods for the rapid and efficient detection of marine toxins to avoid the poisoning cases that have occurred frequently in many countries. This study presents a real-time Love Wave biosensor for the rapid detection of okadaic acid (OA), which used HepG2 cell lines as the sensing elements. The results indicate that this cell-based biosensor can provide real-time information of cellular activities induced by okadaic acid and has a higher sensitivity than the conventional cell-based assay. It is suggested that this cell-based biosensor can be used as a convenient and efficient method for marine toxin detection, which has a great potential to contribute to avoid the harmful effects of marine toxins on the human health.

Micro/Nano Biosensors for Living Cell and Molecule Analysis

The novel micro/nano cell and molecule biosensors are developed based on the traditional microfabrication and novel nanotechnology. Traditional biosensors, such as microelectrode array, impedance sensor, field-effect transistor, and light addressable potentiometric sensor, are useful tools in studying the cell biology and molecule analysis, while the nanobiosensor- and nanomaterial modified biosensors emerge gradually with the advance of nanotechnology. These nanobiosensor can achieve the single cell monitoring with high-quality signals, and nanomaterial modified biosensors have demonstrated excellent performance in cell and molecule applications. Combination of sensor detection technology and nanotechnology, the novel micro/nano cell, and molecule biosensors can explore a wide way in fields of biomedicine and environment monitoring.