Linsey Griffin

An analysis of the variability of anatomical body references within ready-to-wear garment sizes

Establishing a range of sizes for apparel that can effectively fit the body shapes of a diverse population is a complex task, that for ready-to-wear (RTW) apparel is often reduced to a solution that is cost-feasible, if not optimal. While prototype garments are developed with specific fit objectives relative to an individual fit model, that shape is made larger and smaller according to a defined set of increments between sizes. For RTW, the objective in selecting size parameters is usually based on aesthetics. However, as garment-integrated technologies that require more precise placement of integrated technologies (such as sensors) on the body surface become more common in clothing, the implications of current RTW sizing techniques for precise on-body placement is not yet fully understood. Here, we present a comparison of the variability in anthropometrics of a target population and the variability assumed by a sizing standard, with respect to the impact of this disparity for placement of chest-mounted sensing devices like ECG electrodes. We analyze a large (n=3982) publically available anthropometric database and compare our findings with a smaller (n=140) sample of more specifically measured landmarks manually collected from 3D body scans. We find that RTW sizing results in problematic variability of landmark position for a large portion of the population, with potentially important implications for the placement of garment-integrated sensors. Results illustrate the need for consideration of non-traditional sizing strategies for garment-integrated sensing.

Process Considerations in 3D Hand Anthropometric Data Collection

Traditional hand anthropometric studies are missing several key measurements that are important to designing products and tools for the hand. Specific anthropometric hand data important for hand product design such as gloves include finger lengths, crotch depths, palm and padding, back of hand, and wrist opening; these measurements can improve dexterity, gripping, hand entry, adduction, abduction, squeezing, etc. in the design. The purpose of this paper was to develop a process and special considerations for 3D hand scanning that could help guide future researchers when conducting more robust 3D anthropometric studies for the hand, as related to product design. Over the course of two years, the authors of this paper have developed and refined a process considerations model for 3D hand scanning. The model was developed based on three previous 3D hand scanning studies and over 200 subjects’ hand scans. The process considers the subject and population, the 3D technology, landmark methods, hand scanning positions, the scanning research design, scan analysis, and methods of hand-product visualization using 3D hand data. As technology improves, our processes for collecting data need to adapt. New 3D scanning technology enables a more robust collection of anthropometric, ergonomic, and design data for the hand. Future 3D hand anthropometric data and design research will have a profound impact on future glove and tool design for a range of fields and consumers. The application of the 3D hand scanning process considerations model will enable innovative anthropometric and ergonomic research for the hand to occur, and will ensure the collection of accurate and reliable 3D hand data.

Current Technology Landscape for Collecting Hand Anthropometric Data

Historically, three methods have been used to collect hand anthropometric data. The oldest and most known method was developed in the late 1800’s, where researchers used rulers, calipers and tape measures to manually collect data from a subject’s landmarked hand, or from obvious parts of the limb that can be measured without landmarks (e.g., wrist circumference). The second method uses 2D imagery that is collected from the subject and then measured manually/digitally with rulers or calipers. A variety of devices can collect this type of imagery; including photo boxes, x-ray machines, flatbed scanners and photo copiers. These tools are convenient for collecting hand data, but can be limiting as they only collect one flat view of the hand, at one time. Over the last ten years, 3D scanning technology has been adopted for hand studies because of its’ ability to collect data quickly, and with better accuracy, as there are less steps and human error involved. 3D scanning allows researchers to collect data of an entire body part at one time, where it can be analyzed digitally beyond straight measures and circumferences. There are three types of scanners available in the market to collect hand anthropometric data, they include: 1) ones made specifically for hand scanning, 2) foot scanners and 3) hand held/mobile/tablet devices. But which 3D scanner should you select for your hand research? This can be an overwhelming decision, as there are so many options, and knowing what to look for can be confusing and quite difficult to find. Through experimentation with different equipment and hand studies, the researchers, developed a framework of key attributes that are important to selecting 3D scanners. They include: vendor/location, hand-held compatibility, scanner size, weight, envelope, supporting weight, price; along with scanner technology, timing, resolution, color capture, and file saving. Through this research, the authors desire to help others who want to purchase and conduct hand anthropometric research, to be more informed so can use their resources effectively and efficiently to have success with their work.

Drawing Hands for Glove Design: Does the Data Match-Up?

When we teach students how to draw the human hand, we instruct them to block-out the sketch with a specific set of proportions. These are well defined in classic drawing and anatomy literature, and glove designers often use them to determine functional features, including: flex zones, padding, gussets and seams. For this pilot study, the authors used 3D hand scan data (29 subjects), collected by a Structure Sensor to understand if these proportions hold true. Anthropometric measurements of the palm and 3rd finger, were analyzed to see how well they align to the cited drawing instructions. The results found that none of the proportions hold true, as cited by the literature. Recommendations for future research include expanding the sample size for more significant results, looking at different scan tools and the differences between races, ethnicities, other cited hand proportions and specific glove users.

Methods and Tools for 3D Measurement of Hands and Feet

The purpose of this research was to develop a repeatable scanning protocol for the 3D scanning of hands and feet for a large anthropometric study, minimize user error, increase speed and scanning efficiency, and develop best practices to enable collaboration across multiple scanning sites. This research consisted of testing different landmark placements and tools, and the development and testing of stability/scanning platforms for the hand and foot. Landmark placements were chosen based on anthropometric landmarks that will be helpful for future glove and boot design. Various landmark tools were tested using two different types of stickers (square and round) and washable markers. These landmarking tools were used independently and together to test the visibility with color enabled scanning. Platforms were created to allow for both the comfort of the subjects and clear scans for both the foot and hand. Two of these platforms had frames (one wooden and one metal) and Plexiglas, while one was completely made of Plexiglas. Testing each piece led us to create a repeatable scanning protocol for the 3D scanning of hands and feet for future anthropometric studies across multiple scanning sites.

Dimensions of the Dynamic Hand: Implications for Glove Design, Fit, and Sizing

Gloves are critical personal protective equipment to perform tasks in industries such as medicine, construction, and firefighting. To ensure wearer safety, comfort, and hand function, glove design requires detailed ergonomic and anthropometric analysis of the hand in motion. This study noted the absence of a 3D hand anthropometric database, and aimed to pilot test a methodology for the creation of one that included dynamic hand positions and more comprehensive anthropometric measurements. Three hand positions were scanned and 17 dimensions were analyzed for 30 subjects. Results indicate significant measurement change for both dorsal and palmar side measurements across the three hand positions, as well as significant gender differences. The results from this study will inform the creation of a national anthropometric hand survey to inform evidence-based, user-centered, ergonomic glove design.

Firefighting Turnout Boots: How a Human Factors Approach Can Improve Performance

For firefighters, turnout boots must insulate, resist water/chemicals, carry heavy loads, climb variable terrain, push and plant; to enable the wearer to perform in dangerous conditions and save lives. In 2016, the National Fire Protection Association estimated that 62,085 injuries occurred in the line of duty [1]. Many of these injuries can be attributed to poor fitting and functioning turnout gear, especially boots. In order to understand this challenge, a human factors approach, through a human centered design lens was used to investigate directly from firefighters how turnout boots function during performance. The researchers conducted a pilot study, through a web survey and SWOT analysis of state-of-the-art turnout boots available domestically, to understand design opportunities. The results helped define future research goals and initial design insights, for the development of new turnout boots; including partnership identification, component needs, sizing, materials and manufacturing processes.

Testing a model for wearable product materials research

The purpose of this paper is to propose a method for materials research for wearable products. The Wearable Product Materials Research (WPMR) model is based on a continuing review of literature and current design practices, including projects from apparel design studio courses. The model includes five steps that guide the designer to consider material choices based on wearers’ physical and perceptual needs. The development of two functional apparel products, a nursing bra and a commercial cooling vest, is presented to illustrate the application of the model as part of the design process. The WPMR model is valuable in selecting appropriate materials for prototyping as part of the design process. Further work will include application in an industry setting, as well as investigation into how the WPMR model could be useful in other areas of design.