Loana Silveira Cardoso

Alterações micrometeorológicas em vinhedos pelo uso de coberturas de plástico

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of plastic covering on the microclimate of vineyards (Vitis vinifera L., cultivar Moscato Giallo), in Serra Gaucha region in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The experiment was performed in Flores da Cunha, RS, during the 2005/2006 growing season. It comprised uncovered and covered rows of vines, using a 160 µm thick plastic film. Photossinthetically active radiation (PAR), air temperature and humidity, and wind velocity were monitored: over the plastic covering; between the film and the canopy; over the uncovered canopy; and close to grapes of both treatments. Reference evapotranspiration was estimated for both treatments. From the incoming PAR, 67.5% reached the covered canopy, 16% reached the covered grapes, and 36% reached the uncovered grapes. The plastic covering increased by 3.4oC the maximum air temperatures close to plants. Diurnal air relative humidity was reduced, while water vapor pressure and vapor pressure deficit were increased because of the plastic covering, which also reduced in 88% the wind velocity in comparison to open air. The reference evapotranspiration on the covered canopy was 35% lower than in open air. Although increasing diurnal air temperatures, the plastic covering may reduce the evaporative demand on vineyards, by reducing the incoming solar radiation and the wind velocity.

Microclima de vinhedos sob cultivo protegido

Microclimate alterations promoted by plastic covering over vineyards interfere in the plant physiology and fungal diseases incidence on grapevines. The aim of this research was to evaluate the influence of the plastic covering on the microclimate of vineyards, in particular on the quality of the incoming solar radiation. The experiment was carried out in 2005/06 and 2006/07 seasons in Flores da Cunha-RS, in a vineyard of Moscato Giallo cultivar shaped in Y, with impermeable plastic (160μm) over 12 rows of 35m length and five rows without covering (control). In both treatments the air temperature and humidity, incoming photosynthetically radiation and wind speed were measured at the level of the canopy and clusters. Continuing measurements were taken through sensors and automatic acquisition systems (datalogger). Influences of the covering on quality of the incoming solar radiation, from 300 to 750nm, were evaluated through a spectroradiometer. The impermeable plastic covering above the plant rows increased the air temperature and decreased the photosynthetically radiation and wind speed. The covering interfered on the quality of the incoming solar radiation, by reducing mainly the irradiance in the ultraviolet band and reducing also the ratio between the irradiance in the red and far-red bands.

Potencial produtivo de videiras cultivadas sob cobertura de plástico

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of plastic cover on the yield components of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivar Moscato Giallo. The experiment was carried out in 2005/2006 and 2006/2007 crop seasons, in Flores da Cunha, RS, Brazil, in two vineyard areas, one covered with an impermeable plastic film and other without covering (control). The microclimate was evaluated in terms of air temperature, air relative humidity, photosynthetically active radiation and wind speed above canopy and close to clusters. The yield components were evaluated in a completely randomized design, in ten plants randomly selected in each area. Measures were made for production per plant, yield per hectare, clusters per vine, clusters per square meter, twigs per square meter, weight and length of clusters, weight of rachis, number of berries per cluster, diameter of berries, and skim/pulp ratio. Plastic cover promotes yield increases, does not affect pulp/skin ratio, and promotes production stability, independently of climate conditions in each season.

Disponibilidades climáticas para macieira na região de Vacaria, RS

This study aimed to evaluate the variability and temporal tendency for the main climate parameters - air maximum, minimum and mean temperatures, chilling hours (bellow to 7°C), pluvial precipitation, and relative air humidity - in the 1983-2009 period, focusing to evaluate the climate conditions for Gala and Fuji apple groups, in Vacaria, Brazil. Daily weather data in the 1983-2009 series were compared to climate means of the 1931-1960 and 1961-1990 periods, for analyzing the temporal trends. The annual pluvial precipitation showed significant differences in comparing the 1983-2009 series to both the climate means, with increments of 479 and 256mm, respectively. There were no significant differences in monthly air temperatures among the analyzed periods. The pluvial precipitation in spring season and the annual mean of minimum air temperature showed significant tendencies for increasing. The mean number of 657chilling hours was from May to August. The minimum number of chilling hours defined zoning of agroclimatic is achieved in most of the years, in Vacaria, however, does not mean the natural breaking of bud dormancy the apple tree. Otherwise, the number of chilling hours had a significant tendency for reducing.

UNIDADES DE FRIO PARA MACIEIRAS NA REGIÃO DE VACARIA – RS, BRASIL

Apple trees need a period of chill accumulation for breaking the dormancy of buds. In this study, the chilling units were quantified by different calculation methods for the region of Vacaria, in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in order to compare them to the needs of ‘Gala’ and ‘Fuji’ apple trees. Chill units were calculated for the period of 2000 to 2009, by the following methods: Weighted Chill Hours, Utah, North Carolina, Modified Utah, and Modified North Carolina. In the studied region, the number of chill units presents high variability among years, regardless of the methods of calculation. Even in years with high availability of chilling hours, the number of chilling units needed for bud break in ‘Gala’ and ‘Fuji’ apple trees is not achieved naturally. May, June, and July is the main trimester for accumulating chill units, in the dormancy period of apple buds.

Microclimate alterations caused by agricultural hail net coverage and effects on apple tree yield in subtropical climate of Southern Brazil

Bragantia, Campinas, v. 77, n. 1, p.181-192, 2018 ABSTRACT: The use of hail net coverage on plants is an effective measure to mitigate damage caused by hailstorms. In southern Brazil, areas with apple orchards under hail net coverage have increased in recent years. However, little is known about the possible effects on the microclimate and, consequently, on plant growth, crop yield and fruit quality. The hypothesis of this study was that hail net promotes microclimate and yield changes in apple orchards. The objective was to characterize the microclimate and production of apple trees cultivated under hail nets and to consequently generate numeric parameters that can be used in the management of apple orchards and in crop modeling. The study was conducted in commercial orchards growing under hail net and open sky. Continuous measurements of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), air temperature and humidity, wind speed AgRomeTeoRology Article

Duração do período de molhamento foliar em pomares de macieira em céu aberto e sob tela antigranizo, em Vacaria-RS

ABSTRACT – The leaf wetness duration (LWD) is an important parameter to monitor the epidemiology of apple diseases, like apple scab, the most common disease of the crop. The regional climate and management conditions of the orchards are determinant factors for the occurrence of leaf wetness. And, depending on the canopy microclimate it is important to know the position with greater LWD, for use in forecasting models of disease. Few studies have evaluated LWD on apple orchards and none in the cropping conditions of southern Brazil, particularly in the producing region of Vacaria, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. This study aimed to characterize the spatial variation of LWD in canopies of apple trees in open sky and under hail net covering, in Vacaria, Brazil. The experiment was carried out in orchards of ‘Royal Gala’ apple cultivars, conducted in central leader with support (spacing 1m x 3m), being one in open sky and other under hail net. The LWD was monitored in the upper, middle and lower strata of the plant canopy. The LWD was higher in the lower part of the canopy in both apple orchards. Tendency to greater LWD in the covered orchard was observed for all strata of the canopy, with significant differences for the upper and middle strata of canopies. LWD values were more similar between portions of the canopy under hail net than in the open sky.