Lorin J. Zollinger
Utah State University
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SPIE's 1995 International Symposium on Optical Science, Engineering, and Instrumentation | 1995
Roy W. Esplin; Lorin J. Zollinger; J. Clair Batty; Steven L. Folkman; Mehrdad Roosta; Joseph J. Tansock; Mark Jensen; John L. Stauder; Jim Miller; Michael D. Vanek; Don M. Robinson
This paper describes the design of a 10-channel infrared (1.27 to 16.9 micrometers ) radiometer instrument known as SABER (sounding of the atmosphere using broadband emission radiometry) that will measure earth-limb emissions from the TIMED (thermosphere- ionosphere-mesosphere energetics and dynamics) satellite. The instrument telescope, designed to reject stray light from the earth and the atmosphere, is an on-axis Cassegrain design with a clam shell reimager and a one-axis scan mirror. The telescope is cooled below 210 K by a dedicated radiator. The focal plane assembly (consisting of a filter array, a detector array, a Lyot stop, and a window) is cooled to 75 K by a miniature cryogenic refrigerator. The conductive heat load on the refrigerator is minimized by a Kevlar support system that thermally isolates the focal plane assembly from the telescope. Kevlar is also used to thermally isolate the telescope from the spacecraft. Instrument responsivity drifts due to changes in telescope and focal plane temperatures as well as other causes are neutralized by an in-flight calibration system. The detector array consists of discrete HgCdTe, InSb, and InGaAs detectors. Two InGaAs detectors are a new long wavelength type, made by EG&G, that have a long wavelength cutoff of 2.33 micrometers at 77 K.
Proceedings of SPIE | 2006
John D. Elwell; Gregory W. Cantwell; Deron Scott; Roy W. Esplin; Glen Hansen; S. M. Jensen; Mark Jensen; Steven Brown; Lorin J. Zollinger; V. A. Thurgood; Mark P. Esplin; Ronald J. Huppi; Gail E. Bingham; Henry E. Revercomb; Fred A. Best; D. C. Tobin; Joe K. Taylor; Robert O. Knuteson; William L. Smith; Robert A. Reisse; Ronald Hooker
The Geosynchronous Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer (GIFTS) was developed for the NASA New Millennium Program (NMP) Earth Observing-3 (EO-3) mission. This paper discusses the GIFTS measurement requirements and the technology utilized by the GIFTS sensor to provide the required system performance. Also presented are preliminary results from the recently completed calibration of the instrument. The GIFTS NMP mission challenge was to demonstrate new and emerging sensor and data processing technologies to make revolutionary improvements in meteorological observational capability and forecasting accuracy using atmospheric imaging and hyperspectral sounding methods. The GIFTS sensor is an imaging FTS with programmable spectral resolution and spatial scene selection, allowing radiometric accuracy and atmospheric sounding precision to be traded in near-real time for area coverage. System sensitivity is achieved through the use of a cryogenic Michelson interferometer and two large-area, IR focal plane detector arrays. Due to funding limitations, the GIFTS sensor module was completed as an engineering demonstration unit, which can be upgraded for flight qualification. Capability to meet the next generation geosynchronous sounding requirements has been successfully demonstrated through thermal vacuum testing and rigorous IR calibration activities.
Proceedings of SPIE | 2006
Gregory W. Cantwell; John D. Elwell; Roy W. Esplin; Mark P. Esplin; Deron Scott; Lorin J. Zollinger; Gail E. Bingham; Henry E. Revercomb; William L. Smith; Robert A. Reisse
The NASA Geosynchronous Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer (GIFTS) has been completed as an Engineering Demonstration Unit (EDU) and has recently finished thermal vacuum testing and calibration. The GIFTS EDU was designed to demonstrate new and emerging sensor and data processing technologies with the goal of making revolutionary improvements in meteorological observational capability and forecasting accuracy. The GIFTS EDU includes a cooled (150 K), imaging FTS designed to provide the radiometric accuracy and atmospheric sounding precision required to meet the next generation GOES sounder requirements. This paper discusses a GIFTS sensor response model and its validation during thermal vacuum testing and calibration. The GIFTS sensor response model presented here is a component-based simulation written in IDL with the model component characteristics updated as actual hardware has become available. We discuss our calibration approach, calibration hardware used, and preliminary system performance, including NESR, spectral radiance responsivity, and instrument line shape. A comparison of the model predictions and hardware performance provides useful insight into the fidelity of the design approach.
Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Remote Sensing Technology, Techniques, and Applications | 2006
Gail E. Bingham; R. E. Anderson; Gregory W. Cantwell; Daniel Zhou; Deron Scott; Roy W. Esplin; Glen Hansen; S. M. Jensen; Mark Jensen; Steven Brown; Lorin J. Zollinger; V. A. Thurgood; Mark P. Esplin; Ronald J. Huppi; Henry E. Revercomb; Fred A. Best; D. C. Tobin; Joe K. Taylor; Robert O. Knuteson; William L. Smith; Robert A. Reisse; Ronald Hooker
The Geosynchronous Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer (GIFTS), developed for the NASA New Millennium Program (NMP) Earth Observing-3 (EO-3) mission, has recently completed a series of uplooking atmospheric measurements. The GIFTS development demonstrates a series of new sensor and data processing technologies that can significantly expand geostationary meteorological observational capability. The resulting increase in forecasting accuracy and atmospheric model development utilizing this hyperspectral data is demonstrated by the uplooking data. The GIFTS sensor is an imaging FTS with programmable spectral resolution and spatial scene selection, allowing spectral resolution and area coverage to be traded in near-real time. Due to funding limitations, the GIFTS sensor module was completed as an engineering demonstration unit that can be upgraded to flight quality. This paper reviews the GIFTS system design considerations and the technology utilized to enable a nearly two order performance increase over the existing GOES sounder and shows its capability. While not designed as an operational sensor, GIFTS EDU provides a flexible and accurate testbed for the new products the hyperspectral era will bring. Efforts to find funding to upgrade and demonstrate this amazing sensor in space are continuing.
SPIE's 1995 International Symposium on Optical Science, Engineering, and Instrumentation | 1995
John L. Stauder; Roy W. Esplin; Lorin J. Zollinger; Martin G. Mlynczak; James M. Russell; Larry L. Gordley; Benjamin T. Marshall
The stray light analysis of the sounding of the atmosphere using broadband emission radiometry (SABER) instrument on the thermosphere-ionosphere-mesosphere energetics and dynamics (TIMED) mission is discussed. Relevant mission objectives and operating conditions are stated to define the stray light problem. Since SABER is an earth limb viewing sensor, the telescope must be designed for large off-axis rejection. Described are the key design features which make the instrument well suited for its mission. Representative point source transmittance (PST) curves computed using the commercial stray light program APART are presented. Nonrejected radiance (NRR) values computed using APART generated PST curves and LINEPACK generated curves for the total radiance from the earth and the atmosphere are given. A method for computing NRR from the earth and the atmosphere using line-of-sight radiance profiles versus tangent height is described. Computed NRR values demonstrate that the effect of stray light on SABERs measurement capability is negligible.
Optical System Contamination: Effects, Measurements, and Control VII | 2002
James S. Dyer; Steven Brown; Roy W. Esplin; Galen J. Hansen; Scott M. Jensen; John L. Stauder; Lorin J. Zollinger
The SABER instrument (Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Spectroscopy) is a cryogenic infrared sensor on the TIMED spacecraft with stringent molecular and particulate contamination control requirements. The sensor measures infrared emissions from atmospheric constituents in the earth limb at altitudes ranging from 60 to 180 km using radiatively-cooled 240 K optics and a mechanically-refrigerated 75 K detector. The stray light performance requirements necessitate nearly pristine foreoptics. The cold detector in a warm sensor presents challenges in controlling the cryodeposition of water and other condensable vapors. Accordingly, SABER incorporates several unique design features and test strategies to control and measure the particulate and molecular contamination environment. These include internal witness mirrors, dedicated purge/depressurization manifolds, labyrinths, cold stops, and validated procedures for bakeout, cooldown, and warmup. The pre-launch and on-orbit contamination control performance for the SABER telescope will be reviewed.
international geoscience and remote sensing symposium | 2007
Daniel K. Zhou; Allen M. Larar; Xu Liu; Robert A. Reisse; Gail E. Bingham; Lorin J. Zollinger; Joe Tansock; William L. Smith; Henry E. Revercomb; Ron J. Huppi
The geosynchronous-imaging Fourier transform spectrometer (GIFTS) engineering demonstration unit (EDU) is an imaging infrared spectrometer designed for atmospheric soundings. It measures the infrared spectrum in two spectral bands (14.6 to 8.8 mum, 6.0 to 4.4 mum) using two 128times128 detector arrays with a spectral resolution of 0.57 cm-1 with a scan duration of ~11 seconds. From a geosynchronous orbit, the instrument will have the capability of taking successive measurements of such data to scan desired regions of the globe, from which atmospheric status, cloud parameters, wind field profiles, and other derived products can be retrieved. The GIFTS EDU provides a flexible and accurate testbed for the new challenges of the emerging hyperspectral era. The EDU ground-based measurement experiment, held in Logan, Utah during September 2006, demonstrated its extensive capabilities and potential for geosynchronous and other applications (e.g., earth observing environmental measurements). This paper addresses the experiment objectives and overall performance of the sensor system with a focus on the GIFTS EDU imaging capability and proof of the GIFTS measurement concept.
Fourier Transform Spectroscopy/ Hyperspectral Imaging and Sounding of the Environment (2007), paper JWA17 | 2007
Daniel K. Zhou; William L. Smith; Lorin J. Zollinger; Ronald J. Huppi; Robert A. Reisse; Allen M. Larar; X. Liu; Joseph J. Tansock; S. M. Jensen; Henry E. Revercomb; Wayne F. Feltz; Gail E. Bingham
Geosynchronous Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer (GIFTS) Engineering Demonstration Unit (EDU) is an imaging infrared spectrometer designed for atmospheric soundings. The EDU groundbased measurement experiment was held in Logan, Utah during September 2006 to demonstrate its extensive capabilities for geosynchronous and other applications.
Proceedings of SPIE | 2006
Steven Brown; Mark Jensen; Scott Jensen; Glen Hansen; Lorin J. Zollinger; Roy W. Esplin; Jim Miller
The Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument, a 10-channel infrared (1.27 - 16.9 μm) radiometer, was launched on the TIMED (Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics) satellite in December 2001 from Vandenburg Air Force Base. SABER is being used to measure earthlimb emissions and to characterize infrared radiation, allowing calculation of cooling rates and determination of composition and temperature profiles in the mesosphere, lower thermosphere, and ionosphere (60-180 km). The SABER telescope is an on-axis Cassegrain design with a picket-fence tuning fork chopper at the first focus and a clamshell re-imager to focus the image on the focal plane. The telescope was designed to reject stray light from the Earth and atmosphere outside the instruments instantaneous field-of-view (IFOV). The baffle assembly contains a single-axis scan mirror, which permits the 2 km vertical IFOV of each detector to be scanned from the Earth to a 400 km tangent height. The telescope and baffle assembly are cooled to 220 K by a dedicated radiator. The focal plane assembly is cooled to 75 K by a miniature cryogenic refrigerator. Field programmable gate arrays are used to implement state machine algorithms for control and operation of the instrument and subsystems. Although originally designed for a two-year lifetime requirement, the SABER instrument has been in continuous operation since January 2002. This paper discusses the SABER instrument design and innovations developed to achieve the required performance, along with instrument performance and lessons learned from the program.
Optical Techniques for Sensing and Measurement in Hostile Environments | 1987
Brent Bartschi; John C. Kemp; David A. Burt; Glenn D. Allred; Lorin J. Zollinger
A cryogenic interferometer/spectrometer (FTIR) has been developed at Utah State University as part of the CIRRIS-1A experiment for flight aboard the space shuttle. The inter-ferometer has been configured to optimize its operation by a payload specialist who may not have experience with interferometry but has had payload-specific training. CIRRIS-lA incorporates an automatic sequencer which can be used to operate pre-planned measurement routines. However, a command and monitor panel in the orbiter allows the payload specialist to select which measurement routines control the experiment; it also displays system and subsystem monitor values on its CRT display. The specialist can actuate various internal calibration sources and monitor interferometer performance by viewing the resulting waveforms on a video monitor. An automatic alignment system is provided in case the interferometer needs to be realigned during flight. Detailed operational procedures have been developed to guide the specialist through planned measurement and malfunction procedures and will be flown as part of the payload flight data file to allow in-flight anomalies to be resolved with minimal aid from the ground.