Louis Balthazar

Quebec and the Ideal of Federalism

The federal structure of Canada has always been very important for Quebec, especially since the Quiet Revolution. By the 1960s, Quebec had come to constitute a communication network of its own. This reinforced the notion of provincial autonomy. Quebecs claims were supported by two important federal commissions. The Ottawa government, however, under Pierre Elliott Trudeaus leadership, reacted with the concept of a single Canadian nation. Trudeaus actions culminated with the 1982 Constitution and the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Since the Quebec National Assembly did not and could not approve a constitutional scheme that totally ignored Quebec as a people, the Canadian Constitution was and still is illegitimate for Quebecers. Efforts at rectifying this anomaly were in vain, in great part because the very spirit of Canadianism resulting from the application of the Charter did not allow for the full recognition of a distinct society in Quebec. This is why Quebecers, who are strong believers in federalism, may be led to sovereignty. Canada, as it is now conceived by most Canadians, does not seem compatible with an enduring Quebec identity.

The dynamics of multi‐ethnicity in French‐speaking Quebec: Towards a new citizenship

As a result of their ‘quiet revolution’, French‐speaking Quebeckers have gradually replaced ethnic consciousness by allegiance to a ‘national state’ on the territory of the province of Quebec. Two important Charters, one on rights and freedoms (1975), the other on the French language (1977), have marked this significant evolution of Quebeckers’ collective identity. Due to specific immigration policies, Quebec is becoming a multi‐ethnic society of its own, distinct from the rest of Canada.