Luciano Basto Oliveira

Brazilian waste potential: energy, environmental, social and economic benefits

The potential energy that could be produced fromsolid wastes in Brazil tops 50 TWh. Equivalent to som e 17% of the nation’s total power consumption at costs that are competitive with more traditional options, this would also reduce greenhouse gases emissions. Moreover, managing wastes for energy generation purposes could well open up thousands of jobs for unskilled workers. Related to power generation and conservation, energy use requires discussions on the feasibility of each energy supply option, and comparison between alternatives available on the market. Power conservation is compared to projects implemented by the Federal Government, while power generation is rated against thermo-power plants fired by natural gas running on a combined cycle system. Although the operating costs of selective garbage collection for energy generation are higher than current levels, the net operating revenues of this scheme reach some US

Putting solid household waste to sustainable use: a case study in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

4 billion/year. This underpins the feasibility of garbage management being underwritten by energy uses and avoided environmental costs. The suggested optimization of the technical, economic, social and environmental sustainability of the expansion of Brazil’s power sector consists of compatibilizing the use of fossil and renewable fuels, which is particularly relevant for hybrid thermo-power plants with null account on greenhouse gases emissions. r 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

The declared barriers of the large developing countries waste management projects: the STAR model

The management of solid residues has, in recent decades, been a source of concern for public administrators the world over. Experiments in the sustainable use of such residues are highly relevant in social and environmental terms, stimulating widespread interest and debate, with considerable research going into sustainability projects. In many areas, however, adequate public funding for sustainable-use projects is hard to come by. One of the major reasons for this is that public authorities, particularly in times of financial constraints, are reluctant to invest in undertakings in which the economic returns are difficult to quantify. Official scrutiny of the expenditures of public authorities is also normally heavily influenced by cost-benefit analyses. The specific objective of this article is to show that putting solid domestic residue (household solid waste) to sustainable use is capable of generating economic returns, as well as environmental benefits for society as a whole. These economic returns can be set out in financial statements, which may, in turn, be used to justify expenditures by public authorities on sustainable-use projects and as a basis for further investment in such incentives. We drew on the findings of existing research into sustainable use, undertaken by the Municipal Urban Cleaning Company in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to establish a conceptual framework for setting out the economic results of the collection of household solid waste.

Waste to Energy in Brazil

The aim of this study is to investigate and describe the barriers system that precludes the feasibility, or limits the performance of the waste management projects through the analysis of which are the declared barriers at the 432 large waste management projects registered as CDM during the period 2004-2014. The final product is a waste management barriers conceptual model proposal (STAR), supported by literature and corroborated by projects design documents. This paper uses the computer assisted qualitative content analysis (CAQCA) methodology with the qualitative data analysis (QDA) software NVivo®, by 890 fragments, to investigate the motives to support our conclusions. Results suggest the main barriers classification in five types: sociopolitical, technological, regulatory, financial, and human resources constraints. Results also suggest that beyond the waste management industry, projects have disadvantages added related to the same barriers inherent to others renewable energies initiatives. The STAR model sheds some light over the interactivity and dynamics related to the main constraints of the industry, describing the mutual influences and relationships among each one. Future researches are needed to better and comprehensively understand these relationships and ease the development of tools to alleviate or eliminate them.

Hydrogen and methane production in a two-stage anaerobic digestion system by co-digestion of food waste, sewage sludge and glycerol

This chapter discusses the current status of waste treatment in Brazil, initially presenting the projects for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions in landfills already approved by the Ministry of Science and Technology. It addresses the issue of consumerism and the “extraction-production-consumption-post wasteful consumption” that makes a more modern technical solution unfeasible. It also discusses the regulatory framework and issue of conservation and energy supply. The laws of the National Climate Change and National Solid Waste policies signed in 2009 and 2010, respectively, are also discussed. It finally stresses the importance of these laws and not just waste disposal in landfills, but does not make them a problem for future generations, always alert to the possibilities of waste recycling and energy use, which will certainly be significant for future societies, considering the increasing production of waste worldwide and the problems caused by different forms of energy production, such as nuclear power, evidenced recently in Japan.

Acute exposure to diesel and sewage biodiesel exhaust causes pulmonary and systemic inflammation in mice

In this study, hydrogen and methane production from co-digestion of food waste (FW), sewage sludge (SS) and raw glycerol (GL) was evaluated in a two-stage acidogenesis-methanogenesis anaerobic system under mesophilic conditions (35 °C). The effect of glycerol addition (1 and 3% v/v) as co-substrate was assessed in ternary mixtures (FW + SS + GL), with the concentration of all substrates kept at 10 g VS/L. Besides contributing to reduce the lag phase of the acidogenic bacterial culture, the presence of GL increased the hydrogen production in all tested conditions and the maximum hydrogen yield was obtained for the FW + SS + 3%GL mixture (179.3 mL H2/g VS). On the other hand, the highest methane production (342 mL CH4/g VS) was achieved in the test supplemented with 1% GL. At 3% GL, abrupt reductions in the biogas CH4 content and pH values resulting from instability in methanogenesis process were noticed over the experiment. By taking into account the hydrogen and methane production stages, the highest energy yield (i.e., 15.5 kJ/g VS) was obtained with the ternary mixture containing 1% GL. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate the feasibility of using glycerol as co-substrate to increase the H2 and CH4 production efficiency in a two-stage anaerobic co-digestion process, allowing simultaneous treatment of three residues (FW, SS and GL) and energy production.

Avaliação de características de biodieseis de fontes alternativas submetidos a condições de armazenagem diferenciada

Biodiesel is a renewable energy source that reduces particle emission, but few studies have assessed its effects. To assess the effects of acute inhalation of two doses (600 and 1200 μg/m3) of diesel (DE) and biodiesel (BD) fuels on the inflammatory pulmonary and systemic profile of mice. Animals were exposed for 2 h in an inhalation chamber inside the Container Laboratory for Fuels. Heart rate, heart rate variability (HRV) and blood pressure were determined 30 min after exposure. After 24 h, we analyzed the lung inflammation using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF); neutrophil and macrophage quantification in the lung parenchyma was performed, and blood and bone marrow biomarkers as well as receptor of endothelin-A (ET-Ar), receptor of endothelin-B (ET-Br), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOs) and isoprostane (ISO) levels in the pulmonary vessels and bronchial epithelium were evaluated. HRV increased for BD600, D600 and D1200 compared to filtered air (FA). Both fuels (DE and BD) produced alterations in red blood cells independent of the dose. BALF from the BD600 and BD1200 groups showed an increase in neutrophils compared to those of the FA group. Numeric density of the polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells was elevated with BD600 compared to FA. In the peribronchiolar vessels, there was an increase in ET-Ar and ET-Br expression following BD600 compared to FA; and there was a reduction in the iNOs expression for BD1200 and the VCAM-1 for D1200 compared to FA. In the bronchial epithelium, there was an increase in ETAr at BD600, ET-Br at two doses (600 and 1200 μg/m3) of DE and BD, iNOs at D600 and VCAM-1 at BD1200 and D600; all groups were compared to the FA group. Acute exposure to DE and BD derived from sewage methyl esters triggered pulmonary and cardiovascular inflammatory alterations in mice.

The quality of carbon management accounting reporting as a financial barrier to clean development mechanism projects development

Maria Juliane Suotaa, Edesio Luiz Simionattoa,*, Dilamara Riva Scharfa, Valnice Mottaa, Daniela Mosera, Luciano Basto Oliveirab, Luiz Roberto Martins Pedrosob, Alberto Wisniewski Jrc, Vinicyus Rodolfo Wiggersd, Vanderleia Bottond e Henry França Meierd Departamento de Química, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, 89030-000 Blumenau – SC, Brasil ECO100 – Sustainable Development Ltda Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 49100-000 São Cristóvão – SE, Brasil Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, 89030-000 Blumenau – SC, Brasil

AVALIAÇÃO DA PRODUÇÃO DE HIDROGÊNIO A PARTIR DA CODIGESTÃO ANAERÓBIA DE RESÍDUOS SÓLIDOS ORGÂNICOS E GLICEROL RESIDUAL DA PRODUÇÃO DE BIODIESEL

Recent works reveal that financial attractiveness is a severe barrier to the GHG emissions reduction projects in developing countries. Because of price collapse of the carbon market since 2013, the importance of projects budgeting and forecast has risen. This article aims to investigate the financial information and disclosure quality of 432 projects of the waste management sector using UNFCCC’s Clean Development Mechanism as a Kyoto Protocol Instrument. The research used the qualitative content analysis methodology supported by NVivo® software. The results indicate that the lack of reporting standards and the poor-quality information lead to significant reduction of the audits utility, due to the uniformity, consistency, trustworthiness, and predictive and feedback qualitative characteristics of data presented. The real situation and the performance of initiatives are hardly known, but according to data activities, projects are continually compromised. However, the study concludes that the need for quality is a great professional and research field to explore.Recent works reveal that financial attractiveness is a severe barrier to the GHG emissions reduction projects in developing countries. Because of price collapse of the carbon market since 2013, the importance of projects budgeting and forecast has risen. This article aims to investigate the financial information and disclosure quality of 432 projects of the waste management sector using UNFCCC’s Clean Development Mechanism as a Kyoto Protocol Instrument. The research used the qualitative content analysis methodology supported by NVivo® software. The results indicate that the lack of reporting standards and the poor-quality information lead to significant reduction of the audits utility, due to the uniformity, consistency, trustworthiness, and predictive and feedback qualitative characteristics of data presented. The real situation and the performance of initiatives are hardly known, but according to data activities, projects are continually compromised. However, the study concludes that the need for quality is a great professional and research field to explore.

Waste management CDM projects barriers NVivo 10® qualitative dataset

EVALUATION OF HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FROM ANAEROBIC CO-DIGESTION OF ORGANIC SOLID WASTE AND RESIDUAL GLYCEROL FROM BIODIESEL PRODUCTION. The anaerobic co-digestion of solid organic waste with residual glycerol from biodiesel production (1% v v) for hydrogen production was investigated by means of the Biochemical Hydrogen Potential (BHP). The specific hydrogen production from co-digestion with and without glycerol corresponded to 140 mL H2 g VS and 87,3 mL H2 g VS removed, respectively, while the maximum specific H2 production rate was found to be 14.26 e 8.57 mL H2 g VS h, respectively. Co-digestion of solid organic waste with glycerol enhanced hydrogen production and reduced the fermentation lag phase in around 4 hours. The dominant metabolite product of the anaerobic fermentation was butyric acid. The results revealed that co-digestion of organic water and glycerol is promising and can potentially be used to maximize energy production while contributing to the management and treatment of these wastes.