Luna Maslov

Recovery of Flavonoids from Grape Skins by Enzyme- Assisted Extraction

Abstract Grape skin contains large amounts of different flavonoids so it can be used for their recovery. Optimization of enzyme-assisted extraction of flavonoids was conducted using oenological enzyme preparations with respect to enzyme dosage, temperature, extraction time, pH, and enzyme preparation. Optimal conditions were obtained using enzyme preparation Lallzyme EX-V, at the temperature of 45°C, time of 3 h, pH 2.0, and enzyme dosage of 10.52 mg/g. The new optimized extraction method is less expensive, simple, accurate, and selective for the recovery of simple flavonoids. It is based on an environmentally-friendly extraction solvent which may provide a valuable alternative to conventional methods.

Determination of 2-aminoacetophenone in white wines using ultrasound assisted SPME coupled with GC-MS

The unpleasant odor of an off-flavor is mostly caused by only one or, sometimes, several volatile compounds with very low odor threshold values giving the typical unpleasant odor taint of the spoiled food product. 2-Aminoacetophenone is an aroma compound which causes the untypical aging off-flavor in Vitis vinifera white wines. Ultrasound assisted headspace solid phase microextraction (UA-HS-SPME) and direct immersion solid phase microextraction (DI-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were tested and optimized for determination of 2-aminoacetophenone in Riesling wines fermented by different yeast strains.

Multi-response optimisation of ultrasound-assisted extraction for recovery of flavonoids from red grape skins using response surface methodology

INTRODUCTION For the characterisation of grape cultivars, the profile and content of flavonoids are important because these compounds impact grape and wine quality. To determine the correct profile and content of flavonoids, the use of robust, sensitive and reliable methods is necessary. OBJECTIVE The object of this research is to develop a new ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method for the recovery of flavonoids from grape skins using response surface methodology. METHOD Optimisation of UAE was performed using a complementary study combining a Box-Behnken experimental design with qualitative analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Optimal extraction conditions were obtained using the extraction solvent composed of acetonitrile:water:formic acid (26:73:1, v/v/v) at an extraction temperature of 50 °C, an extraction time of 15 min in a single-extraction step and with a solid-to-solvent ratio of 1:80 g/mL. The calculated relative standard deviations for the optimal extraction method were very low, measuring less than 5%. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that numerous factors have strong effects on the extraction efficiency, including the type of organic modifier and its percentage in the extraction solvent, the number of extraction steps, the solid-to-solvent ratio, the extraction time and temperature and, finally, the particular nature of analyte and their position within the grape skin cell.

Effect of cluster thinning on fruit composition of Vitis vinifera cv. Pinot noir (Vitis vinifera L.)

The technique of cluster thinning is being used in aim to reduce the crop load of vine in order to improve the quality of grapes. The aim of the trial was determination the optimal timimg for thinning regarding the results given from chemical analysis of the must immediately after the harvest. The experiment was conducted at the experimental station of the Faculty of Agriculture in Zagreb in 2006 and 2007 years, on cv. Pinot noir according to the random block design system. The cluster thinning was performed with 40 % intensity in three terms; immediately after the flowering period (P1), three weeks after the flowering period (P2) and with the begining of veraison (P3). The results were compared with the results of the control treatement without cluster thinning performance. The analysis of variance of given data has shown a significant difference in must composition between the terms of cluster thinning and a control treatement, and yield per vine has not been reduced with earlyer term of cluster thinning.

Total and yeast assimilable nitrogen composition in grape juices of three grapevine cultivars as affected by vineyard nitrogen fertilization

Nitrogen fertilization is one of the common agrotechnical practices in vitculture, by which we can achieve higher content of nitrogen compounds in grapes. The purpose of this research was to determinate the influence of nitrogen fertilization on total nitrogen, free amino nitrogen and ammonia composition in grapes of Chardonnay, Italian Riesling and White Riesling cultivars. Research was laid out in the 2006 and 2007. Experiment was random block design with 3 repetitions, and fertilization was in the form of urea, as follows: 0 kg/ha - K, 51 kg/ha (23 kg N/ha) –N1, 152 kg/ha (70 kg N/ha) – N2 te 254 kg/ha (117 kg N/ha) –N3. The grapes were harvested according to repetitions. The obtained research results indicated a positive effect of nitrogen fertilization on all of examined nitrogen compounds.

Effect of grapevine solarization on the anthocyanin composition of Pinot Noir wines

Maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes wit It improved nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) are of interest to growers. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the total N uptake in the aboveground biomass and NUE (kg grain per kg of N absorbed in the aboveground biomass). Four commercial hybrids of similar maturity ranking were grown under the high-N (200 kg N ha(-1)) and low-N (1100 kg N ha(-1)) fertilization rates over three years. Growing conditions significantly affected hybrid performance for NUE, which ranged from 42 kg grain kg N-1 in the low-yielding (dry) environment to 55 kg grain kg N-1 under higher yielding environment, When compared to the low-N rate, the average N uptake was by 32% higher at the high-N rate, whereas smaller differences occurred for the aboveground biomass (12%), grain yields (14%), stover N (28%) and grain N (13%) concentrations. Significant differences existed among tested hybrids for grain yield, aboveground biomass, grain and stover N concentration, N uptake and consequently NUE.Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) were evaluated as cover crops during two vegetation seasons in the Mediterranean and Continental area of Croatia. Better tolerance to low winter temperatures was observed for crimson clover. Higher plants (10 to 3 1 cm) before winter and in spring (67 to 117 cm) were measured for hairy vetch, while crimson clover had higher yields of fresh biomass (33.7 to 113.1 t ha(-1)). Concentrations of N (1.53 to 3.34%), P2O5 (0.55 to 1.04%) and K2O (2.02 to 5.32%) in plant tissue were higher for hairy vetch. However, due to higher yields of dry matter, crimson clover accumulated more N (105 to 239 kg ha(-1)), P2O5 (28 to 83 kg ha(-1)), and K2O (105 to 440 kg ha(-1)) than hairy vetch. According to our results crimson clover could be recommended as a cover crop in Mediterranean and Continental area of Croatia.