Lutz Cüpper

The Four-States Model of Memory Retrieval Experiences

Abstract. A memory measurement model is presented that accounts for judgments of remembering, knowing, and guessing in old-new recognition tasks by assuming four disjoint latent memory states: recollection, familiarity, uncertainty, and rejection. This four-states model can be applied to both Tulvings (1985) remember-know procedure (RK version) and Gardiner and coworkers (Gardiner, Java, & Richardson-Klavehn, 1996; Gardiner, Richardson-Klavehn, & Ramponi, 1997) remember-know-guess procedure (RKG version). It is shown that the RK version of the model fits remember-know data approximately as well as the one-dimensional signal detection model does. In contrast, the RKG version of the four-states model outperforms the corresponding detection model even if unequal variances for old and new items are allowed for.We show empirically that the two versions of the four-statesmodelmeasure the same state probabilities. However, the RKG version, requiring remember-know-guess judgments, provides parameter estimates w...

Die Wortstammlänge beeinflusst kontrollierte, nicht aber automatische Gedächtnisprozesse im Wortstammergänzungsparadigma

Zusammenfassung. Manche Methoden zur Erfassung verschiedener Gedachtnisprozesse setzen voraus, dass sich die Starke der an Rekognitionsaufgaben beteiligten bewussten Erinnerungsprozesse nicht von den an Reproduktionsaufgaben beteiligten unterscheidet. Diese Kommensurabilitatsannahme scheint zwar zweifelhaft, ist bis jetzt aber empirisch nicht uberpruft worden (vgl. Clark, 1999). Die Autoren zeigen, dass die Verlangerung von Wortstammen in der Wortstammerganzungsaufgabe neben Rateprozessen auch bewusste Erinnerungsprozesse fordert, wahrend automatische Gedachtnisprozesse unbeeinflusst bleiben. Dieser Befund spricht gegen die Gultigkeit der Kommensurabilitatsannahme. Die Konsequenzen des Befunds fur Theorien des Gedachtnisses werden diskutiert.

Do Judgments of Learning Predict Automatic Influences of Memory

Current memory theories generally assume that memory performance reflects both recollection and automatic influences of memory. Research on peoples predictions about the likelihood of remembering recently studied information on a memory test, that is, on judgments of learning (JOLs), suggests that both magnitude and resolution of JOLs are linked to recollection. However, it has remained unresolved whether JOLs are also predictive of automatic influences of memory. This issue was addressed in 3 experiments. Using the process-dissociation procedure, we assessed the predictive accuracy of immediate and delayed JOLs (Experiment 1) and of immediate JOLs from a first and from a second study-test cycle (Experiments 2 and 3) for recollection and automatic influences. Results showed that each type of JOLs was predictive of both recollection and automatic influences. Moreover, we found that a delay between study and JOL improved the predictive accuracy of JOLs for recollection, while study-test experience improved the predictive accuracy of JOLs for both recollection and automatic influences. These findings demonstrate that JOLs predict not only recollection, but also automatic influences of memory. (PsycINFO Database Record