Lynlee Wolfe

Transplacental passage of vancomycin from mother to neonate

OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to analyze a large number of patients receiving vancomycin chemoprophylaxis and evaluate the maternal and neonatal cord blood levels at the time of delivery. STUDY DESIGN Every mother who entered labor with a positive group B streptococcal culture and a high-risk penicillin allergy with resistance to clindamycin or unknown sensitivity was consented to participate in the study. In the initial phase of the study, patients received the standard intravenous dose of 1 g every 12 hours. Based on the results, this was changed to a dosing of 15 mg/kg every 12 hours in the second phase and then further modified to 20 mg/kg every 8 hours in the third phase. Maternal and cord blood vancomycin levels were obtained at delivery and evaluated. RESULTS A total of 55 patients consented to participate in the study, with 31 in phase I, 12 in phase II, and 12 in phase III. For the standard-dosing phase I group, only 32% of maternal and 9% of cord blood samples were therapeutic at delivery. For phase II, 50% of maternal and 33% of cord blood values were therapeutic; however, in phase III, 83% of mothers and neonates had therapeutic levels at the time of delivery. CONCLUSION With standard dosing, only 9% of neonates have therapeutic vancomycin levels at delivery. By using a regimen of 20 mg/kg intravenous every 8 hours (maximum individual dose 2 g), the newborn therapeutic level increases above 80%. The pharmacological pattern shows that transplacental passage occurs with fetal levels equaling maternal levels, but transplacental transport is somewhat slow in both directions.

Sharing of Snorting Straws and Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Pregnant Women.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate possible modes of hepatitis C virus (HCV) acquisition in pregnant women found to be HCV-infected in the prenatal period and to assess transmission risk factors. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study conducted from March 2014 through June 2015 involving the distribution of an anonymous survey to HCV-infected pregnant women that assessed for numerous modes of potential HCV transmission involving, intravenous drug use, blood transfusion, organ transplant, sexual contact, tattoos, and snorting drugs with a straw. Participants were drawn from our institutional obstetric high-risk clinic. Statistical analysis involved simple percentages and &khgr;2 comparisons where appropriate; P<.05 was considered significant. To test biologic plausibility, snorting utensils confiscated by law enforcement authorities from patients not in this study were tested for the presence of human blood. RESULTS: A total of 189 HCV-infected pregnant patients completed the survey, and no approached patients declined. Of these, 136 (72%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 65–78%) admitted to intravenous drug use, of whom 89 (65%, 95% CI 57–73%) reported sharing needles. Of the 178 (94%, 95% CI 90–97%) who admitted snorting drugs, 164 (92%, 95% CI 87–96%) reported sharing straws. The difference between the proportion reporting sharing of snorting utensils compared with the proportion sharing intravenous drug use utensils was significant (P<.001). Twenty-nine patients (15%, 95% CI 11–21%) reported snorting drugs and sharing straws but denied any other risk factor except sexual contact. Of the 54 straws confiscated by law enforcement authorities, 13 (24%, 95% CI 13–38%) tested positive for the presence of human blood. CONCLUSION: Sharing snorting utensils (straws) in noninjection drug use may be an additional risk factor for HCV and other virus transmission.

The use of prostaglandin E1 in peripartum patients with asthma

OBJECTIVE Prostaglandin E₁ (PGE₁) is commonly used in obstetric practice for labor induction and cervical ripening and in treating postpartum hemorrhage; however, its use in pregnant asthmatic patients has not been studied to date. The package insert states there is an unknown causal side effect for dyspnea and bronchospasm. Other pharmacological publications have stated that bronchoconstriction may occur with the use of PGE₁. The study objective was to examine peripartum pregnant asthmatic patients who received prostaglandin E₁. STUDY DESIGN Every patient who was administered PGE₁ from January 2010 through December 2013 was prospectively recorded. The charts were retrospectively reviewed. Peripartum patients with asthma were identified and further analyzed for any evidence of an asthma exacerbation following administration of the drug. RESULTS A total of 234 of 2629 patients (8.9%) who received PGE₁ were identified as having asthma. None of the patients had any evidence of an asthma exacerbation (0 of 234; 95% confidence interval, 0-0.017). Of the 234 patients, 104 (44%) had active asthma and were receiving daily medication, and the remaining 130 patients had a medical history of asthma for which they used an inhaler on an as-needed basis. A total of 98 patients (42%) received greater than 400 μg of total dose. A post hoc statistical assessment was performed, and the study was sufficiently powered to detect any clinically meaningful increase in asthma exacerbation with PGE₁ usage, if such a risk existed. CONCLUSION Based on the 95% confidence interval of these data, the maximum risk for an asthma exacerbation following the use of prostaglandin E₁ is less than 2%. Although all medications administered to asthmatic patients in the peripartum period should be carefully selected, this information supports the use of prostaglandin E₁ in obstetric patients with asthma, if clinically indicated.

Patient reaction to Tdap vaccination in pregnancy

BACKGROUND The current obstetrical recommendation is to routinely administer the tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccination during every pregnancy regardless of a patients prior history. There are minimal data that have prospectively evaluated solicited patient response to this treatment plan. The study objective was to evaluate patient reaction following receipt of Tdap vaccination during pregnancy. METHODS This was a prospective observational study conducted from May 2014 through March 2016. The study design involved solicited patient reaction within 1-7days after the administration of the Tdap vaccine. Data collected included pain or soreness, swelling, and/or redness at the injection site, as well as, fever and generalized body aches. Statistical analysis involved simple percentages with Poisson binomial 95% confidence intervals with Chi-square and Fishers exact comparisons where appropriate. RESULTS A total of 737 patients were evaluated and 496 (67%, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 64-71%) were found to have at least 1 reaction to the vaccination and 187 (25%, 95% CI 22-29%) had 2 reactions or more. Overall, the majority of patients stated that the vaccination was tolerated. However, 24 (3%, 95% CI 2-5%) of the study population stated that they would not accept receipt of Tdap in a subsequent pregnancy because of the response that occurred in the current pregnancy. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that maternal reactions following receipt of Tdap are common (two-thirds of the study population). A potential concern is the finding that some patients might refuse a repeat vaccination in a subsequent pregnancy due to these reactions. If further research reveals similar findings, a pertussis only vaccine for pregnant patients might need to be evaluated.

Transplacental passage of clindamycin from mother to neonate

Objective:To evaluate maternal and neonatal cord blood levels at delivery in patients receiving 900 mg of clindamycin intravenous (IV) every 8 h.Study design:Prospective study consented every mother that entered labor with a positive group B streptococcal culture, a high-risk penicillin allergy, and sensitivity to clindamycin and erythromycin. Maternal and cord blood clindamycin levels were obtained at delivery. Time from last dose completion to delivery, number of doses administered and body mass index (BMI) were assessed.Results:Twenty-three patients were consented. All maternal clindamycin values were therapeutic and 22 (96%) of the 23 cord blood samples were therapeutic. The mean maternal level was of 4.46 μg ml−1 (range of 0.7 to 8.4 μg ml−1). The mean cord blood level was 3.35 μg ml−1 (range of <0.5 to 6.4 μg ml−1).Conclusion:These data show that the current dosing recommendation of 900 mg of clindamycin IV every 8 h produces therapeutic maternal and cord blood levels.

Accuracy of the lamellar body count in amniotic fluid contaminated by meconium.

Abstract Objective: To determine whether meconium-contaminated amniotic fluid falsely elevates the lamellar body count in fetal lung maturity testing. Methods: Thirty mothers undergoing amniocentesis for fetal lung maturity testing were prospectively consented. A 2 mL portion of the patient’s sample was mixed with a 10% meconium solution and the meconium-stained sample was then run in tandem with the patient’s sample used in clinical management. Pure meconium samples without amniotic fluid were also run through the cell counter for analysis. Results: Following meconium contamination, the lamellar body count value increased in 67% of the cases, decreased in 23% and remained the same in 10%. There were 13 test results that had “immature” values in the uncontaminated patient management sample group and nine of these (69%) became elevated to a “mature” level (a false elevation) following the addition of meconium. All of the 10 pure liquid meconium samples devoid of amniotic fluid processed by the cell counter identified and quantified some particle the size of platelets. Conclusions: The lamellar body count test result is not reliable in meconium-stained amniotic fluid specimens. There is some unknown particle found in meconium that is the size of platelets/lamellar bodies that can falsely elevate the test result. Currently, the only reliable fetal lung maturity test in meconium-stained amniotic fluid is the presence of phosphatidylglycerol.