M. Akif Irmak

Effect of different pavements on human thermal comfort conditions

The urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon and outdoor human thermal comfort may be affected by several factors such as the size of the built environment, the rate of open and green spaces and different types of ground surface covers (e.g., grass and artificial covers) in urban areas. Depending on the types and structures of the pavement/covering materials, which can have effects on the albedo and surface heating, ground surfaces reflect solar radiation or heat the air above them. Pavements that can absorb more solar radiation may turn it into heat, thus warming the air, which in turn heats urban areas and make them uncomfortable for human beings. The present study investigates the effect of different materials on the UHI intensity by considering nine different types of materials (andesite, granite, basalt, travertine, impregnated wood, soil, asphalt, clinker powder and grass) in the Ata botanical garden located in the city center of Erzurum, in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. Temperature data were measured on clear summer days during the month of July and compared in terms of thermal comfort. All measurements were taken 150 cm above the ground at 12:00 p.m. by using an infrared thermometer (CEM-DT-8812). In order to estimate the physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) for each soil type, data were analyzed using the RayMan 2.1 software, and the scores were statistically analyzed with analysis of variance (ANOVA). The differences in mean temperatures were evaluated with Fisher’s least significant difference (LSD) test. The results showed that mean PET scores ranged between 28.9 oC for impregnated wood and 25.9 oC for grass (a difference of 3.0 oC), while the other scores were 26.1, 26.7, 27.1, 27.5, 27.8, 28.5 and 28.5 oC for travertine, granite, andesite, soil, clinker powder, basalt, and asphalt, respectively. The analytical results indicated that all the studied materials create a slight heat stress (23.1-29.0 oC) according to their PET indices and their predetermined comfort intervals. However, the levels of heat stress for impregnated wood, asphalt, and basalt were higher than the others. It was determined that grass, travertine and cube granite are optimal surface materials, since they exhibited a level of heat stress that is close to the comfort range (18.1-23.0 oC).

Geleneksel Erzurum Evlerinde Mekan Kullanımı / The Use of Place Traditional Erzurum Houses

OZET : Erzurum, Anadolu’ya acilan bir kapi ve us olma niteligi tasimasi nedeniyle surekli el degistirmis, farkli medeniyetlere ev sahipligi yapmis bir kentimizdir. Kent halki mevcut kulturel zenginligi kendi degerleriyle sentezleyerek oldukca yuksek duzeyde mimari bir tarz ortaya koymustur. Ic avlulu-tandirevli plan tipinde ele alinan Erzurum evleri, plan semasi olarak geleneksel Turk evi plan tiplerinden hic birine uymamakla beraber, ana yapim ve kullanim ilkeleri acisindan Turk evinin genel karekteri ile tam bir butunluk arz etmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Tarihi Erzurum Evleri, koruma ve kullanma The Use of Place Traditional Erzurum Houses ABSTRACT: Erzurum is one of our cities possesing a property of being a gate as well as a base to Anatolia, hence It has became host of different civilications. People of the city synthesis the cultural wealth with their own values and put forward a higly developed architectural synthesis. Erzurum houses, considered in the type having interior courted-ovenhoused plan, does not macth on any type of the Turkish house plan but provides an exact entirety within the characteristics of a Turkish house in the respect of the principles of construction and utilization. Key words: Traditional Erzurum Houses, conservation and use