M. Anzar

Factors affecting nuclear maturation, cleavage and embryo development of vitrified bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes

The objective was to investigate the effects of cryodevice, vitrification solutions, and equilibration time on in vitro maturation, cleavage, and embryo development of vitrified bovine oocytes. In Experiment 1, the nuclear maturation (MII) rate of immature bovine COCs vitrified was compared between two equilibration times (0 vs 10 min) in vitrification solution 1 (VS1) and two cryodevices (cryotop vs 0.25 mL straw). The MII rate was higher in the non-vitrified control group than in vitrified groups (61 vs 16%, P < 0.0001). Equilibration time did not affect MII rate (P = 0.964); however, the MII rate was higher for COCs vitrified on cryotops than in straws (23 vs 9%, P = 0.007). In Experiment 2, bovine COCs were vitrified on cryotops using two equilibration times (0 vs 5 min) in VS1 and two kinds of vitrification solutions (freshly prepared vs frozen). Cleavage and blastocyst rates were higher (P < 0.0001) in the non-vitrified control group than vitrified groups (cleavage rate 93 vs 42% and blastocysts rate 31 vs 0.4%). Cleavage rate of COCs vitrified using frozen solutions with 5 min equilibration was higher (P = 0.05) than other treatment groups. However, blastocyst rate did not differ (P = 0.993) among treatment groups. In conclusion, cryotop was a better cryodevice than 0.25 mL straw for vitrification of bovine COCs. Furthermore, 5 min equilibration in VS1 improved cleavage. Compared with control, the vitrification procedure per se damaged bovine COCs, resulting in poor nuclear maturation and embryo development. However, vitrification did not immediately kill oocytes, as the cleavage rate was acceptable.

A strategy for improvement of postthaw quality of bison sperm

The objective was to improve the postthaw quality of bison semen using zwitterion (ZI)-based extenders, glycerol addition at a lower temperature (4 °C), adding reduced glutathione (GSH) in extender, or treating bison sperm with cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin (CLC) before freezing. Postthaw sperm motility and structural characteristics were analyzed using a computer-assisted sperm analyzer and flow cytometer respectively, at 0 and 3 hours postthaw incubation at 37 °C. In experiment 1, each ejaculate (N = 11) was diluted in Triladyl extender (control) or in ZI extenders (Tes-Tris or HEPES-Tris). In addition, glycerol in semen was added either at 37 °C or 4 °C before cryopreservation. Extenders had no significant effect on postthaw sperm motilities at 0 hour. However, sperm velocity parameters were higher (P < 0.05) in ZI extenders than in Triladyl. Sperm population with intact plasma membrane (IPM) and acrosomes (IACR) were higher in Triladyl than in ZI extenders (P < 0.05). Postthaw sperm total and progressive motilities, average path velocity, straight-line velocity, IPM, and IPM-IACR did not improve with the addition of glycerol at 4 °C. In experiment 2, semen was diluted (50 × 10(6) sperm per mL) in Triladyl extender containing 0 (control), 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 mM GSH (an antioxidant) at 37 °C. Postthaw sperm motility and structural characteristics at 0 hour and percentage declined after 3 hour incubation, but did not differ because of GSH in the extender (P > 0.05). In experiment 3, fresh bison sperm (100 × 10(6) sperm in 1 mL) were pretreated with 0, 1, 2, or 3 mg/mL of CLC at 22 °C for 15 minutes and diluted to 50 × 10(6) sperm per mL in Tris-citric acid-egg yolk-glycerol extender before cryopreservation. The CLC pretreated sperm had higher (P < 0.05) postthaw total and progressive motilities, IPM, and IACR at 0 hour and less percentage of decline in these characteristics after 3 hour postthaw incubation. In conclusion, zwitterion extenders (Tes-Tris and HEPES-Tris), temperatures of glycerol addition, and GSH in extender did not significantly improve postthaw quality of bison sperm. However, pretreatment with CLC significantly improved postthaw quality of bison sperm, which should enhance its use in assisted reproductive technologies.