M.D. Prat

Analysis of quinolone residues in edible animal products.

A comprehensive review on the analysis of quinolone antibacterials is presented. The review covers most of the methods described for the determination of quinolone residues in edible animal products. Sample handling, chromatographic conditions and detection methods have been discussed. A summary of the most relevant information about the analytical procedures has been included.

Analytical procedures for the determination of organotin compounds in sediment and biota: a critical review.

Analytical procedures reported over the last 10 years for the determination of organotin compounds in sediment and biota have been critically reviewed in terms of sample handling, sensitivity, analytical cost, environmental acceptance, accuracy and precision. Critical steps in the analytical procedures are identified. Finally, research needs in extraction and determination are suggested.

Solid-phase microextraction coupled to liquid chromatography for the analysis of phenolic compounds in water

Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been applied to the analysis of priority pollutant phenolic compounds in water samples. Two types of polar fibers [50 microm Carbowax-templated resin (CW-TPR) and 60 microm polydimethylsiloxane-divinylbenzene (PDMS-DVB)] were evaluated. The effects of equilibration time and ionic strength of samples on the adsorption step were studied. The parameters affecting the desorption process, such as desorption mode, solvent composition and desorption time, were optimized. The developed method was used to determine the phenols in spiked river water samples collected in the Douro River, Portugal. Detection limits of 1-10 microg l(-1) were achieved under the optimized conditions.

High-throughput multiclass method for antibiotic residue analysis by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry☆

A simple and rapid method has been developed for the residue analysis of 39 antibiotics (tetracyclines, quinolones, penicillins, sulfonamides and macrolides) in foodstuffs of animal origin. The method combines an effective extraction technique, which uses water-methanol as extracting solvent, with ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, allowing both confirmation and quantification in a single chromatographic run. The multiresidue method has been validated in chicken muscle matrix according to European Union Decision 2002/657/EC. It has been implemented as a routine method in a Public Health Laboratory, instead of the five plates test and LC methods previously used.

Evaluation of stability constants from multi-wavelength absorbance data: program STAR

Abstract The program STAR and STAR/FA were developed for the study of ionic equilibria from spectrophotometric data. Both programs are written in Turbo-Pascal for use on personal computers. STAR is a non-linear regression program for the refinement of complex formation constants of systems that can be described by up to 5 components and 25 species A p B q C r D s H t , where A, B, C and D can be either metal or ligand. The experimental data treated can contain up to 50 absorption spectra, measured at 50 wavelengths. Interaction with the user is provided by menu-driven operation and graphics presentation of data on the computer screen (or plotter). STAR/FA is a complementary program, used for the determination of the number of absorbing species by factor analysis of the absorbance data matrix. It can also be used for the smoothing of the experimental data. Two application examples are given: the interaction of boric acid with 2,3-dihydroxynitrobenzene (from literature data) and the dissociation and complex formation equilibria with Zn(II) ions of 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulphonic acid.

Restricted access materials for sample clean-up in the analysis of trace levels of tetracyclines by liquid chromatography. Application to food and environmental analysis.

Restricted access materials (RAM) based on alkyl diol silica (ADS) porous particles were evaluated for the sample clean-up in tetracyclines analysis in milk and water samples by liquid chromatography. RAM with C(4), C(8) and C(18) bonded to the inner pore surfaces were tested, with C(8) providing the best performance. A switching column LC system which combines an ADS C(8) RAM column and an analytical C(18) column connected to a fluorimetric detector was used for tetracyclines analysis. The RAM clean-up removed large peaks that otherwise appeared in the initial time window of the chromatograms, attributed to proteins in milk samples and humic substances in water samples. Thus, quantification of analytes in real samples, especially of the most polar compounds such as oxytetracycline and tetracycline, was clearly improved.

Antibiotics in food: Legislation and validation of analytical methodologies

In this paper, European food safety legislation is presented, and special attention is devoted to monitoring residues of veterinary drugs in foodstuffs of animal origin. After a short review of the state of the art of analytical methodology for antibiotic residue analysis, the paper focuses on validation of analytical methods, with Decision 657/2002/EC as reference document. Finally, the main issues of the quality control of the analytical data, i.e. analysis of reference materials and participation in proficiency tests, are briefly addressed.

Determination of sulphonated dyes in water by ion-interaction high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract An ion-interaction high-performance liquid chromatography method for quick separation and determination of the sulphonated dye Acid Yellow 1, and the sulphonated azo dyes Acid Orange 7, Acid Orange 12, Acid Orange 52, Acid Red 2, Acid Red 26, Acid Red 27 and Acid Red 88 has been developed. An RP-ODS stationary phase is used, and the mobile phase contains an acetonitrile–phosphate buffer (27:73, v/v) mixture at pH 6.7, containing 2.4 m M butylamine as ion-interaction reagent. Good separations were obtained using isocratic elution and spectrophotometric detection at 460 nm. The detection limits for the eight dyes ranged from 7 to 28 μg/l for an injection volume of 100 μl. Spiked tap water samples (100 ml), containing different concentration levels (0.3–1.2 μg/l) of the dyes were analyzed after acidification (pH 3) and preconcentration in disposable solid-phase extraction C 18 cartridges.

Determination of ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin in edible animal tissues by terbium-sensitized luminescence†

A terbium-sensitized luminescence method is described for the determination of the sum of residues of enrofloxacin and its major metabolite ciprofloxacin in edible animal tissues. Several parameters affecting both detection and extraction were studied. Analytes were extracted from spiked samples of chicken and trout tissues with pH 7.4 buffer-dichloromethane. The organic extract was evaporated and the residue dissolved in aqueous nitric acid and defatted with hexane. Determination was carried out directly in the aqueous phase (in a micellar medium). The calibration curves were linear up to 75 micrograms l-1. The detection limit was 3.5 micrograms kg-1 (for a 5 g sample) and the repeatability was 7.0% (n = 7). The sensitivity was similar for both quinolones and therefore calibration can be carried out with either ciprofloxacin or enrofloxacin. In any case, the differences were < 10%.

Validation of a method for the analysis of quinolones residues in bovine muscle by liquid chromatography with electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry detection

A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination and confirmation of nine quinolones was optimised and validated according to Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Analytes were extracted from veal muscle with water and extracts purified with 96-well plates Oasis HLB cartridges. Separation was carried out in a silica-based C(18) column (50mmx2.1mm) with mobile phases consisting of water/acetonitrile mixtures containing acetic acid. Linear calibration curves in the ranges 4-400 and 50-800ngg(-1), with correlation coefficients at least 0.995, were obtained for all the analytes. At concentration levels above 10ngg(-1), quantification errors were lower than 10% and repeatability and within-laboratory reproducibility standard deviations below 6% and 10%, respectively. Decision limits and detection capabilities are reported.