M. F. A. Farghly

Feeding time can alleviate negative effects of heat stress on performance, meat quality and health status of turkey

ABSTRACT 1. A total of 180 one-day-old turkeys were randomly assigned to 6 equal groups to investigate the effect of feeding time on growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, leg problems and physiological responses of growing turkeys under the high temperature conditions of summer. 2. Birds of the first group were ad libitum fed and were considered as the controls (C). The second group (T1) was given 80% of diet in the morning and 20% of diet in the afternoon, the third group (T2) was given 60% of diet in the morning and 40% of diet in the afternoon, the fourth group (T3) was given 40% of diet in the morning and 60% of diet in the afternoon, the fifth group (T4) was given 20% of diet in the morning and 80% of diet in the afternoon and the sixth group (T5) was given 100% of diet in the afternoon. 3. Body weight, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio were improved with T2, T3, T4 and T5 in comparison to control or T1 under heat stress conditions. No significant impacts on carcass traits and meat quality due to changing the time of feeding were seen, except for tenderness and juiciness. 4. Feeding in the afternoon (100%) decreased body temperature and tonic immobility test score, which were positively related with the health condition of the birds. 5. The incidence of leg problems, plumage condition and breast blisters were not significantly different among the experimental groups. 6. It is concluded that feeding turkeys mainly or totally in the afternoon (T4 and T5, birds were fed with 80% or 100% of the diet in the afternoon) can be used as a strategy and a managerial tool for improving growth rate, feed utilisation, carcass and meat quality, as well as health status of growing turkeys reared under hot climate conditions.

Wet feed and cold water as heat stress modulators in growing Muscovy ducklings

&NA; In an attempt to alleviate the deleterious effects of high summer temperatures, the present study investigated the effects of wet feed and cold water on the growth performance, carcass and meat quality, leg problems, physiological responses, and blood parameters of growing Muscovy ducklings. A total of 180 4‐week‐old ducklings was randomly divided into 6 experimental groups in a 3 × 2 factorial design that included 3 feed systems (AD: ad libitum dry; DW: diurnal wet; and AW: ad libitum wet) and 2 systems of water (TW: tap water; and CW: cold water). Access to wet feed and cold water affected the growth performance, dressed carcass, gizzard, meat quality (tenderness, juiciness, and susceptibility), tonic immobility, body temperature, and blood parameters [albumin: globulin (A: G) ratio and levels of glucose, alanine transferase (ALT), total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC), and malondialdehyde (MDA)] of the ducklings but had no significant effect on plumage condition, shank length, keel bone length, leg problems, or breast blisters. The body weight (BW) of the DW group was 1.97 and 3.12% greater than that of the AD and AW groups, respectively, and the BWG of the DW group was 6.91 and 10.72% greater than that of the AD and AW groups, respectively. Therefore, providing access to wet feed and cold water is highly recommended when raising Muscovy ducks in open houses under high‐temperature conditions.

Influence of swimming time in alleviating the deleterious effects of hot summer on growing Muscovy duck performance

ABSTRACT This experiment was conducted to observe the effects of varying swimming times (ST) of Muscovy ducks, raised in an open‐sided house, in alleviating the deleterious effects of high temperature in hotter times of the day in the summer season on growth performance (body weight, average daily gain, feed consumption, and feed conversion ratio), carcass characteristics, body temperature, and some health aspects. We hypothesized that swimming times during the hottest periods of the day would show different performances. To test this hypothesis a total of 180 Muscovy ducklings were randomly distributed into 4 equal groups in a completely randomized design experiment. All groups were raised under similar housing conditions. Birds of the first group (C) were raised in the indoor system and had no access to a swimming pond. While all birds of the second, third, and fourth groups (T1, T2, and T3) had access to a swimming pond during 10:00 to 12:00 h, 12:00 to 14:00 h, and 14:00 to 16:00 h, respectively. The swimming pond (dimensions of 30 m length × 10 m width × 3 m depth with cement floor) was located in the front of the house. Vaccination and medical programs were undertaken according to the different ages under supervision of a licensed veterinarian. The obtained results indicated that swimming during 12:00 to 14:00 h improved (P < 0.05) growth performance, dressed carcass, meat tenderness, lymphocyte, heterophils/lymphocytes ratio, body temperature, and mortality rate of Muscovy ducks. However, bone measurement, plumage conditions, foot pad dermatitis, hock discoloration, breast blisters score, and blood hematocrit values were insignificantly better in the group with access to the swimming pond during 12:00 to 14:00 h. In conclusion, raising ducks during hot conditions in an open‐sided house with access to a swimming pond at 12:00 to 14:00 h is highly recommended due to the high BW, better immunity, decreased mortality rate, and low body temperature of ducks which was positively reflected in the health condition.

Sustainable floor type for managing turkey production in a hot climate

Floor type management is an important factor in turkey production in hot climates exceeding 30°C. In this study, a total of 360 turkeys aged 4 wk were randomly distributed to investigate growth performance, carcass characteristics, certain health aspects (breast blisters score, footpad burns, hock discoloration, and plumage condition), and airborne conditions. Birds in the first group were raised on a littered floor (control; C), whereas birds in the other groups (T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5) were raised on cement, wire net, rubber mat, plastic and wooden slatted floors, respectively. The results indicated that growth performance and meat quality were improved, with increases in body weight, daily body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and tenderness and juiciness values, when plastic and wooden slatted floors were used. Moreover, the use of plastic and wooden slatted floors attenuated body temperature, airborne dust particulates, and ammonia concentrations. In conclusion, placing plastic, wooden slatted, or wire floors reduced the incidence of health disorders and alleviated heat stress effects by decreasing body temperature and the heterophil to lymphocyte ratio. Thus, plastic and wooden slatted floors are suitable for growing turkeys under the conditions of this study.

Implementation of different feed withdrawal times and water temperatures in managing turkeys during heat stress

ABSTRACT This investigation studied the effects of different feed withdrawal times, water temperatures, and their interaction on growth performance, carcass traits, blood parameters, and health aspects of native turkeys (Egyptian local breed). We distributed native turkey poults (n = 180; 4 wk old) into 3 groups according to feed withdrawal time (ad libitum; feed withdrawal from 800 to 1,400 h, FW8 to 14; and feed withdrawal from 1,400 to 2,000 h, FW14 to 20). Each group was further divided into 2 subgroups corresponding to water temperature (ordinary and chilled water). Our results indicated that birds of FW14 to 20 exhibited the highest (P = 0.0001) body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG), whereas turkeys that drank chilled water displayed a higher BW than those that drank ordinary water. Turkeys that were kept under FW8 to 14 and drank chilled water displayed the highest BW at marketing and ADG from 4 to 16 wk of age. The lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) was exhibited in turkeys kept off feed under the FW14 to 20 regime. Birds that were kept under FW14 to 20 and received chilled water showed the lowest FCR. The meat color scores of the birds that drank chilled water were higher than those that drank ordinary water, whereas birds kept off feed under the FW14 to 20 regime displayed the highest tenderness and juiciness, followed by those fed ad libitum. Turkeys reared under FW14 to 20 exhibited the highest albumin/globulin ratio and glucose content but the lowest globulin and aspartate transaminase (AST) values. Birds that were kept under FW14 to 20 and drank chilled water displayed the lowest corticosterone concentration. Turkeys reared under FW14 to 20 presented the lowest body temperature. Birds that drank chilled water exhibited a lower body temperature than those that drank ordinary water. Turkeys that were fed ad libitum and drank chilled water displayed the lowest body temperature. Conclusively, applying feed withdrawal and cold water had benefits in turkeys during heat stress. Applying these treatments as managerial alternatives for raising native turkeys during the summer season is highly recommended.

Ameliorating deleterious effects of heat stress on growing Muscovy ducklings using feed withdrawal and cold water

&NA; We studied the effect of feed withdrawal and cold water on the growth performance and health status of 180 Muscovy ducklings (28 days old) during the summer season. The experiment used a 3 × 2 factorial design consisting of 3 and 2 feeding and water systems, respectively. The birds were divided into 6 experimental groups of 30 birds each (10/replicate). The 3 feeding systems were ad libitum, full‐feeding (AD); afternoon, feed withdrawn from 8 am to 2 pm daily (AF); and diurnal, feed withdrawn from 2 pm to 8 am daily (DI). The 2 water systems were tap water (TW) or cold water (CW). The results indicated that the different feeding systems with cold water positively affected the growth performance, dressed carcass, liver, gizzard, meat tenderness, juiciness, susceptibility, body temperature, tonic immobility, and blood biochemistry (glucose, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total antioxidant capacity, and malondialdehyde) of Muscovy ducklings. However, no differences in percentages of plumage, leg problems, breast blister scores, and most blood parameters were found among all groups. In conclusion, AF feeding of ducklings in combination with CW during hot conditions was more suitable than other feeding methods.