M. G. C. D. Peixoto

Genome wide scan for quantitative trait loci affecting tick resistance in cattle (Bos taurus × Bos indicus).

BackgroundIn tropical countries, losses caused by bovine tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus infestation have a tremendous economic impact on cattle production systems. Genetic variation between Bos taurus and Bos indicus to tick resistance and molecular biology tools might allow for the identification of molecular markers linked to resistance traits that could be used as an auxiliary tool in selection programs. The objective of this work was to identify QTL associated with tick resistance/susceptibility in a bovine F2 population derived from the Gyr (Bos indicus) × Holstein (Bos taurus) cross.ResultsThrough a whole genome scan with microsatellite markers, we were able to map six genomic regions associated with bovine tick resistance. For most QTL, we have found that depending on the tick evaluation season (dry and rainy) different sets of genes could be involved in the resistance mechanism. We identified dry season specific QTL on BTA 2 and 10, rainy season specific QTL on BTA 5, 11 and 27. We also found a highly significant genome wide QTL for both dry and rainy seasons in the central region of BTA 23.ConclusionsThe experimental F2 population derived from Gyr × Holstein cross successfully allowed the identification of six highly significant QTL associated with tick resistance in cattle. QTL located on BTA 23 might be related with the bovine histocompatibility complex. Further investigation of these QTL will help to isolate candidate genes involved with tick resistance in cattle.

Quantitative trait loci affecting milk production traits on bovine chromosome 6 in zebuine Gyr breed.

Fourteen Brazilian dairy Gyr sire families with 657 daughters were analyzed for quantitative trait loci (QTL) on chromosome 6 by using a daughter design for 5 economic traits: milk, fat, and protein production, fat and protein percentage. The cows and sires were genotyped for 27 microsatellites with average spacing between markers of 4.9 cM. In the analyses across 14 families, for the largest significant families, and within family, a QTL was located for milk yield and fat yield close to marker BMS2508 at the 5% chromosome-wide significance level across families and 1% chromosome-wide within families. For fat percentage, a QTL near DIK4482 was identified at the 5% chromosome-wide significance level when all families were analyzed together and at the 1% chromosome-wide significance level within the largest significant families. The different analyses yielded results that were generally consistent for milk yield, fat yield, and fat percentage. The order of the markers in the derived map was consistent with that in the consensus map. Some QTL and candidate genes in dairy cattle for milk production traits are probably preserved in Bos taurus and Bos indicus.

Avaliação da persistência na lactação da raça Guzerá, utilizando modelos de regressão aleatória

The heritability and the genetic and permanent environment correlations were estimated among six different measures of persistency in the lactation of Guzerat cow, using the Random Regression Model. A total of 8,403 records from 1,034 first lactation cows were evaluated. The Random Regression Model was calculated by the logarithmic function of Ali and Schaeffer and Legendre polynomials to get coefficients for fixed, additive genetic and permanent environment effects. Ali and Schaeffer was the function that better fit to the data, but it had convergence problems. The results showed that persistence is a trait with moderate heritability, and low correlation with genetic value for 305-d milk production which allows to select animals in order to alter the format of the curve of production without affecting the total productivity. The measure of persistence that calculates the difference of milk production between the medium and initial phases was highly correlated with 305-d milk production.

Comparison of random regression models to estimate genetic parameters for milk production in Guzerat (Bos indicus) cows

Random regression models have been widely used to estimate genetic parameters that influence milk production in Bos taurus breeds, and more recently in B. indicus breeds. With the aim of finding appropriate random regression model to analyze milk yield, different parametric functions were compared, applied to 20,524 test-day milk yield records of 2816 first-lactation Guzerat (B. indicus) cows in Brazilian herds. The records were analyzed by random regression models whose random effects were additive genetic, permanent environmental and residual, and whose fixed effects were contemporary group, the covariable cow age at calving (linear and quadratic effects), and the herd lactation curve. The additive genetic and permanent environmental effects were modeled by the Wilmink function, a modified Wilmink function (with the second term divided by 100), a function that combined third-order Legendre polynomials with the last term of the Wilmink function, and the Ali and Schaeffer function. The residual variances were modeled by means of 1, 4, 6, or 10 heterogeneous classes, with the exception of the last term of the Wilmink function, for which there were 1, 3, 6, or 10 classes. The models gave similar hereditability estimates, ranging from 0.20 to 0.33. Genetic correlations between adjacent records were high values (0.83-0.99), but they declined when the interval between the test-day records increased, and were negative between the first and last records. The model employing the Ali and Schaeffer function with six residual variance classes was the most suitable for fitting the data.

Identification of candidate genes for reactivity in Guzerat (Bos indicus) cattle: a genome-wide association study.

Temperament is fundamental to animal production due to its direct influence on the animal-herdsman relationship. When compared to calm animals, the aggressive, anxious or fearful ones exhibit less weight gain, lower reproductive efficiency, decreased milk production and higher herd maintenance costs, all of which contribute to reduced profits. However, temperament is a trait that is complex and difficult to assess. Recently, a new quantitative system, REATEST®, for assessing reactivity, a phenotype of temperament, was developed. Herein, we describe the results of a Genome-wide association study for reactivity, assessed using REATEST® with a sample of 754 females from five dual-purpose (milk and meat production) Guzerat (Bos indicus) herds. Genotyping was performed using a 50k SNP chip and a two-step mixed model approach (Grammar-Gamma) with a one-by-one marker regression was used to identify QTLs. QTLs for reactivity were identified on chromosomes BTA1, BTA5, BTA14, and BTA25. Five intronic and two intergenic markers were significantly associated with reactivity. POU1F1, DRD3, VWA3A, ZBTB20, EPHA6, SNRPF and NTN4 were identified as candidate genes. Previous QTL reports for temperament traits, covering areas surrounding the SNPs/genes identified here, further corroborate these associations. The seven genes identified in the present study explain 20.5% of reactivity variance and give a better understanding of temperament biology.

Viable offspring after successful non-surgical embryo transfer in goats.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a viabilidade da tecnica de transferencia nao cirurgica em cabras. Quatro cabras nao-lactantes pluriparas da raca Toggenburg foram utilizadas como receptoras de embrioes, sendo que duas receberam um embrioes e duas receberam dois embrioes coletados nao cirurgicamente cabras doadoras. Os corpos luteos das receptoras foram detectados um dia antes da transferencia de embrioes por ultrassonografia transretal. Uma seringa de 5mL contendo 2mL de meio holding foi acoplada em um cateter tomcat, no qual os embrioes foram aspirados em uma coluna central a duas outras colunas. Um especulo Colin numero 2 foi inserido na vulva e na vagina, e com o uso de uma fonte de luz, a cerviz foi localizada e imobilizada com uma pinca de Allis. Um cateter uretral numero seis acoplado a um mandril e lubrificado com meio PBS foi inserido na cervix, e assim os aneis cervicais foram gradualmente transpostos. Apos perder a resistencia, o cateter uretral foi movido lateralmente para o corno uterino desejado. O mandril e a pinca de Allis foram retirados e o conjunto seringa e tomcat foi acoplado ao cateter uretral e o conteudo injetado no corno uterino ipsilateral ao corpo luteo com posterior retirada do cateter. Cabras que ovularam em apenas um ovario foram usadas para testar a eficiencia da deposicao do embriao. O tempo gasto entre a insercao do especulo e a sua remocao foi inferior a tres minutos. O tempo para transpor a cervix foi inferior a um minuto. A ultrassonografia revelou a deposicao de liquido no corno desejado. Receptoras que receberam dois embrioes tornaram-se gestantes e pariram tres crias. Estes primeiros resultados encorajam a tecnica e demonstram que a transferencia de embrioes em caprinos pode ser feita totalmente por procedimentos nao cirurgicos.

Technical note: A new and cost-effective method for detection of the bovine acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 K232A polymorphism in cattle

A new, quick, and inexpensive method for detecting the bovine acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase1 (DGAT1) polymorphism (K232A) through tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system by PCR (ARMS-PCR) was developed in the present investigation. The DGAT1 gene was recently identified as underlying variation in milk production traits. To date, PCR techniques such as PCR-RFLP have been used for detecting the DGAT1 K232A polymorphism, despite being expensive and laborious. The method proposed here, a tetra-primer ARMS-PCR, showed 100% sensitivity and specificity when compared with PCR-RFLP results obtained in a sample of 80 animals tested in a double-blind system. Our results suggest that the use of tetra-primer ARMS-PCR for DGAT1 K232A polymorphism genotyping could greatly reduce costs providing information for both research purposes and for dairy cattle breeders who perform DGAT1 genotyping for gene-assisted selection.

Whole genome sequencing of Guzera´ cattle reveals genetic variants in candidate genes for production, disease resistance, and heat tolerance

In bovines, artificial selection has produced a large number of breeds which differ in production, environmental adaptation, and health characteristics. To investigate the genetic basis of these phenotypical differences, several bovine breeds have been sequenced. Millions of new SNVs were described at every new breed sequenced, suggesting that every breed should be sequenced. Guzerat or Guzerá is an indicine breed resistant to drought and parasites that has been the base for some important breeds such as Brahman. Here, we describe the sequence of the Guzerá genome and the in silico functional analyses of intragenic breed-specific variations. Mate-paired libraries were generated using the ABI SOLiD system. Sequences were mapped to the Bos taurus reference genome (UMD 3.1) and 87% of the reference genome was covered at a 26X. Among the variants identified, 2,676,067 SNVs and 463,158 INDELs were homozygous, not found in any database searched, and may represent true differences between Guzerá and B. taurus. Functional analyses investigated with the NGS-SNP package focused on 1069 new, non-synonymous SNVs, splice-site variants (including acceptor and donor sites, and the conserved regions at both intron borders, referred to here as splice regions) and coding INDELs (NS/SS/I). These NS/SS/I map to 935 genes belonging to cell communication, environmental adaptation, signal transduction, sensory, and immune systems pathways. These pathways have been involved in phenotypes related to health, adaptation to the environment and behavior, and particularly, disease resistance and heat tolerance. Indeed, 105 of these genes are known QTLs for milk, meat and carcass, production, reproduction, and health traits. Therefore, in addition to describing new genetic variants, our approach provided groundwork for unraveling key candidate genes and mutations.

A new tetra-primer ARMS-PCR for genotyping bovine kappa-casein polymorphisms

Kappa-casein (κ-casein) is one of the most abundant milk proteins. Its main function is to avoid the aggregation of casein micelles, keeping them, and therefore calcium phosphate, in pockets in solution. In bovines, a κ-casein functional polymorphism has been associated with fat, calcium, and protein milk contents and faster curd contraction in cheese production. Quicker curd contraction reduces the loss of milk solids, enhancing cheese yield. This polymorphism induces a double amino acid substitution (Thr136Ile and Ala148Asp). The polymorphism is normally detected by PCR-RFLP, which is a laborious method. An interesting methodological alternative is the tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system PCR (tetra-primer ARMS-PCR). A tetra-primer ARMS-PCR for the detection of this κ-casein polymorphism has been described. However, specificity was not achieved, probably due to problems with primer design. We developed a new tetra-primer ARMS-PCR for the detection of the κ-casein polymorphism. This new method was validated in a double-blind test, by comparison with the results obtained for 50 Guzerá bulls formerly genotyped by PCR-RFLP. This new method achieved 100% sensitivity and specificity. We conclude that this method is a useful, cost-efficient alternative for the detection of functional κ-casein polymorphisms.

Detecção de QTL em dados de famílias estruturadas como as de um núcleo MOET por meio do método da regressão

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of the regression method to detect QTL using data from full and half-sib families, like those generated in a MOET nucleus. For this study, genotypic and phenotypic data were simulated in a structure of a closed selection MOET nucleus. Three files were analyzed containing: a) the joint information of full and half sibs; b) only full sibs data; and c) only half sibs data. The method of regression, for continuous or discrete data, was able to detect associations of marker and QTL in very expressive levels of significance (P<0.001 P<0.0001), when the file containing the joint information of full and half sisters was used. The results indicated the possibility of using this methodology for studies of QTL detection / validation in MOET nucleus or herds under selection.