M. I. Leão

Consumo e digestões totais e parciais em novilhos F1 Limousin x Nelore alimentados com dietas contendo cinco níveis de concentrado

ABSTRACT - A trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of five dietary concentrate levels on the intake and total and partial apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), total carbohydrates (CHO), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and non structural carbohydrates (NSC). Five rumen, abomasum and ileum fistulated F1 Limousin x Nellore bulls were full fed diets containing 25.0, 37.5, 50.0, 62.5, and 75.0% of concentrate and allotted to a 5 x 5 Latin square design. The chromic oxide was used as an external marker to determine the total and partial digestibility. The addition of crescent concentrate amounts to the diet resulted in linear increases in the DM, OM, NCE, CP, EE, and TDN and reductions in NDF intake. The total apparent digestibility of DM, OM, CP, EE, CHO, and NSC linearly increased with the increment of the dietary concentrate levels. The CP apparent digestibility in the small intestine linearly increased as function of the concentrate addition in the diets. The concentrate levels in the diet did not influence the rumen and post-rumen NDF apparent digestibility. The dietary NDF levels reduction resulted on linear increases of NDT and DM total apparent digestibility.

Endogenous fraction and urinary recovery of purine derivatives obtained by different methods in Nellore cattle

Two experiments were conducted to assess the endogenous fraction of purine derivative (PD) excretion, urinary recovery, and intestinal digestibility of purines in Nellore heifers. For both experiments, 8 Nellore heifers fitted with ruminal and abomasal cannulas were allocated to two 4 × 4 Latin squares. The diets were based on corn silage and concentrate (60 and 40% DM basis, respectively); feces and urine samples were obtained by total collection, and abomasal DM flow was estimated using indigestible NDF as an internal marker. In Exp. I, 4 of the 8 heifers (BW 258 ± 20 kg) were also fitted with ileal cannula. The planned treatments were 4 different DMI: 1.2, 1.6, 2.0, and 2.4% of BW (DM basis). The endogenous losses and purine recovery as urinary PD were estimated using linear regression between daily urinary PD excretion (Y) and daily abomasal flow of purine bases (X), expressed in millimoles per kilogram of BW(0.75). In Exp. II, the same 8 Nellore heifers (BW of 296 ± 15 kg) were fed at 1.37% BW (DM basis). The treatments were the infusion of purines (RNA from torula yeast, type VI, Sigma) into the abomasum in increasing amounts (0, 33, 66, and 100 mmol/d). All statistical analyses were performed using the PROC MIXED procedure in SAS. In Exp. I, the DMI range was 1.16 to 1.84% of BW and did not affect (P > 0.05) the apparent RNA digestibility in the small intestine, which had a mean of 75.6%, and a true digestibility of 93.0%. The mean ratio of the N-RNA to the total-N in the ruminal bacteria was 0.137. The daily urinary PD excretion (Y, mmol/kg of BW(0.75)) was a function of RNA flow in the abomasum (X, mmol/kg of BW(0.75)): Y = 0.860X + 0.460, where 0.860 and 0.460 were the PD recovery of purines and the endogenous fraction (in mmol/kg of BW(0.75)), respectively. In Exp. II, the daily urinary PD excretion was a function of RNA flow in the abomasum: Y = 0.741X + 0.301, where 0.741 and 0.301 were the recovery of PD in urine of infused purines and the endogenous losses (in mmol/kg of BW(0.75)), respectively. In conclusion, our data suggest that in Nellore heifers the respective values of endogenous PD excretion (mmol/kg of BW(0.75)), urinary recovery of the purines absorbed in the abomasum, and true digestibility of RNA in the small intestine were 0.30, 0.80, and 0.93.

Níveis de Proteína em Suplementos para Terminação de Bovinos em Pastejo Durante o Período de Transição Seca/Águas: Consumo Voluntário e Trânsito de Partículas

Avaliaram-se o consumo e os parâmetros da cinetica de trânsito de particulas em bovinos suplementados durante a fase de transicao entre os periodos seco e chuvoso. Foram utilizados cinco novilhos Holandes x Zebu com idade e peso medios iniciais de 24 meses e 304 kg, respectivamente, manejados em cinco piquetes de Brachiaria decumbens (0,34 ha). Foram fornecidos suplementos (4 kg/animal/dia), constituidos por fuba de milho, grao de soja integral, ureia, sulfato de amonia e mistura mineral, formulados para apresentarem niveis de 12, 16, 20 e 24% de proteina bruta (PB), com base na materia natural. O experimento foi conduzido em quatro periodos experimentais de 21 dias e analisado por delineamento em quadrado latino 4 x 4. O quinto animal, mantido sem suplementacao (controle), foi utilizado como medida de comparacao descritiva. A forragem selecionada pelos animais apresentou teores medios de PB e fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) de 109,9 e 564,4 g/kg de materia seca (MS), respectivamente. A variacao do nivel de PB dos suplementos nao alterou os consumos de MS, de materia orgânica e de FDN. O fornecimento de suplementos reduziu o consumo de pastagem e ampliou o consumo de MS total em relacao ao controle, com coeficiente medio de substituicao de 0,41. O nivel de PB dos suplementos nao afetou a taxa de passagem ruminal das particulas, cujo valor medio (0,034 h-1), foi superior ao observado no controle (0,029 h-1).

Frações dos compostos nitrogenados associados à parede celular em forragens tropicais

The total and undegradable fractions of nitrogenous compounds associated to cell wall organic matrix in some tropical forages were evaluated. Samples of corn silage, elephantgrass silage and sugarcane were used. Neutral detergent insoluble nitrogenous compounds were divided in three different fractions associated with: hemicellulose (HN), cellulose (CN), and lignin (LN). The size of the different fractions varied among feeds. A portion of acid detergent insoluble nitrogen, which is the sum of CN and LN, was potentially degradable in the rumen. A portion of HN was not degradable in the rumen. The heterogeneous dimensions of degradable portion of all nitrogenous compounds among feeds can compromise the estimates of cell wall undegradable nitrogen by simple chemical approaches in tropical forages. The LN overestimated the lignin contents and the correction for those compounds on lignin has been suggested.

Effects of dietary nonprotein nitrogen on performance, digestibility, ruminal characteristics, and microbial efficiency in crossbred steers.

Two trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary NPN levels on animal performance, diet digestibility, ruminal characteristics, and microbial efficiency. Experiment 1 was conducted with 24 Holstein x Nellore crossbred steers (350 +/- 20 kg of BW) distributed in 6 blocks to evaluate intake and digestibility of nutrients and performance. The diets consisted of 70% corn silage and 30% concentrate (DM basis) and were formulated to contain 12.5% CP (DM basis). Treatments consisted of 0, 15.5, 31, and 46.5% of dietary N as NPN. There were no treatment differences in the daily intakes of DM (P = 0.47), OM (P = 0.60), CP (P = 0.24), nonfiber carbohydrates (NFC; P = 0.74), or TDN (P = 0.63); however, NDF intake decreased linearly as NPN increased (P = 0.02). Additionally, no effects of NPN were observed on apparent total tract digestibility of DM (P = 0.50), OM (P = 0.53), NDF (P = 0.63), or NFC (P = 0.44). The apparent total tract digestibility of CP increased linearly (P = 0.01), but ADG (1.14 kg/d) was not influenced (P = 0.96) as NPN increased. In Exp. 2, 4 ruminally and abomasally cannulated steers (300 +/- 55 kg of BW) were fed the same diet used in Exp. 1 to evaluate the effects of NPN levels on intake and digestibility of nutrients, ruminal characteristics, and microbial efficiency. There were no differences in the daily intakes of DM (P = 0.22), OM (P = 0.17), CP (P = 0.31), NDF (P = 0.29), or TDN (P = 0.49). However, NFC intake increased linearly (P = 0.02), and there was a quadratic effect (P = 0.01) on intake of ether extract as NPN increased. Ruminal digestibility of CP increased linearly (P = 0.01) with the increase of dietary NPN. There were no differences (P >or= 0.28) in microbial protein synthesis and microbial efficiency among the treatments. The results of these trials suggest that dietary NPN levels (up to 46.5% of total N) can be fed to crossbred steers receiving corn silage-based diets without affecting their growth performance or ruminal protein synthesis.

Estudo comparativo da cinética de degradação ruminal de forragens tropicais em bovinos e ovinos

The neutral detergent fiber degradability (NDFd) of sugar-cane, and elephantgrass, corn, and sorghum silages were predicted by in situ method, with different time points, sample grind sizes (1 and 2mm) and animal species (sheep and cattle). The feedstuffs were incubated at 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 240 hours. The effects of sample grind sizes and of the species in NDFd were analyzed through the test of identity of non-linear regression models and interpreted by factor analysis. The rates of degradation of NDF (kd) were also estimated for two times of incubation in situ (times 6 and 24h or 6 and 36h), and they were compared to the kd values estimated at the in situ trial, through the t statistical test. The kd values estimated by different time points and predicted by in situ incubation times were similar (P>0.05). There is little interference of particle size in degradation parameters, and the NDF degradation in situ trials in sheep can not be used as an experimental model for cattle.

Qualidade nutricional e estabilidade oxidativa de manteigas produzidas do leite de vacas alimentadas com cana-de-açúcar suplementada com óleo de girassol

The objective of this study was to evaluate the fatty acid (FA) profile, nutritional quality and oxidative stability (OE) indexes of butter obtained from milk of cows fed sugar cane-based diets containing increasing levels of sunflower oil (SO): 0 (Control); 1.5; 3.0 and 4.5% of diet DM. The butter FA profile was analyzed by gas chromatography and OE was determined using the Rancimat® equipment (model 743) operated at 120oC and air flow of 20 L/h. The concentrations of rumenic acid (cis-9 trans-11 CLA), vaccenic acid (trans-11 C18:1) and oleic acid (cis-9 C18:1) in butter fat were increased by 867, 687 and 148%, respectively, as the dietary SO level increased from 0 to 4.5%. In contrast, the concentrations of medium chain saturated FA were linearly reduced (P<0.05) in butter fat from cows fed increasing levels of SO. Regarding the butter nutritional quality, a linear decrease (P<0.0001) in atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indexes and a linear increase (P<0.0001) in the hypocholesterolemic/ hypercholesterolemic ratio were observed compared to control, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5% SO, respectively. Consistent with the increased (P<0.0001) concentration of mono and polyunsaturated FA, the OE of butter fat was linearly reduced (P<0.0001) as the dietary SO level increased. It was concluded that diet supplementation with SO improved the nutritional quality of butter fat of Holstein x Gir dairy cows as a result of positive changes in milk FA profile. However, these changes in milk FA composition were accompanied by a reduction in the SO of butter, which in turn is associated with a shorter shelf life.

Intake, digestibility, ruminal parameters, and microbial protein synthesis in crossbred steers fed diets based on Brachiaria grass silage and sorghum silage

A trial was carried out with four Holstein x Nellore crossbred steers (225±22kg of BW) fitted with ruminal and abomasal cannulaes in a 4 x 4 Latin Square design to evaluate the intake and the total and partial apparent digestibilities of nutrients, ruminal parameters, and microbial synthesis. Diets consisted of 60% silage and 40% concentrate formulated to be isonitrogenous (12.5% of crude protein, dry matter basis). Treatments consisted of different proportions of Brachiaria brizantha grass silage and sorghum silage: 100:0; 67:33; 33:67, and 0:100%, respectively, on dry matter basis. The intake of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, non-fiber carbohydrates, and total digestible nutrients linearly increased (P 0.05) by the treatments. The use of 67% of sorghum silage and 33% of grass silage increased intake and digestibility of nutrients without affecting ruminal pH, ruminal NH3-N, and microbial efficiency.

Digestão dos nutrientes e balanço de compostos nitrogenados em cabras alimentadas com quatro níveis de proteína

Feed intake, pH, and ruminal ammonia concentration were evaluated in four goats in which omasal digesta was collected by ruminal fistula in order to estimate the ruminal digestion of nutrients. The urinary total nitrogen compounds (N) and the concentrations of N-urea in serum (NUS), milk (NUL), and urine were evaluated in 12 goats assigned to three 4x4 Latin squares. The animals were fed rations composed of 50% of maize silage and 50% of concentrate, containing 11.5, 13.5, 15.5, and 17.5% of crude protein (CP) in the dry matter. With the exception of protein, the intake and total digestibility of the other nutrients were not influenced by the dietary CP levels. Ruminal pH was reduced in the post-prandial period. As the N intake increased, ruminal concentration of ammonia, NUS and NUL concentrations, urinary volume the N balance increased. It was concluded that the level of 13.5%, or 245 grams of CP, is sufficient for goats producing 1.6kg per day and that the method of omasal digesta collection needs to be evaluated in more detail for its validation in goats.

Consumo, digestibilidade e produção microbiana em novilhos alimentados com diferentes volumosos, com e sem suplementação

The intake and total apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), total carbohydrates (CHO), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC); the total digestible nutrients (TDN) intake and the microbial protein production (MicP) in diets of steers were determined. The in situ degradability of feeds was also evaluated. Five steers averaging 185.4kg live weight (LW) and fistulated in the rumen and esophagus were randomly, assigned in a completely randomized experimental design. They were fed on: 1- chopped elephantgrass (CE); 2- tifton-85 bermudagrass haylage (PS); 3- brachiaria decumbens hay (FB); 4- brachiaria decumbens hay plus concentrate at 0.5% LW (FB:C1); and 5- brachiaria decumbens hay plus concentrate at 1.0% LW (FB:C2). Tifton-85 bermudagrass haylage provided higher intake of DM (6.0kg/steer/day) and TDN (4.2kg/steer/day) related to other forages, showing that its use is a good alternative for bovine feeding. The addition of concentrate to the brachiaria decumbens hay increased the forage intake, from 2.7kg/steer/day to 3.9kg/steer/day, constituting a strategy for the poor quality forages use. The highest concentrate C2 intake (1.0% LW) increased DM (0.9kg/steer/day) and TDN (1.0kg/steer/day) intake of FB:C2 dietary, relative to FB:C1 dietary.