M. Kaufmann

Role of gravity waves in the forcing of quasi two‐day waves in the mesosphere: An observational study

[1]xa0Amplitudes of quasi two-day waves (QTDWs) are derived from temperature observations of the High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder and Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) satellite instruments. In particular, a global climatology of QTDW amplitudes is derived from 10u2009years of SABER data, covering the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. This climatology is compared with geostrophic winds and climatologies of gravity wave (GW) momentum flux and GW drag absolute values derived from the same data set. We find that QTDWs are forced shortly after the maximum of the mesospheric summertime zonal wind jet in regions of jet instability where the meridional gradient of quasi-geostrophic zonal mean potential vorticity is strongly negative. The jet instability regions are closely linked to enhanced GW drag that likely seeds those instabilities by decelerating the jet and causing the jet curvature responsible for the negative potential vorticity gradient. The vertical phase structure and the Eliassen-Palm flux of the QTDWs are derived from SABER data and investigated. It is shown that QTDWs propagate upward starting from the jet instability regions. They exert eastward drag in the jet core, and strong westward drag at higher altitudes. Strikingly, the QTDWs are forced in regions where the global distribution of GWs exhibits a characteristic longitudinal structure caused by the GW source patterns in the summer hemisphere. This longitudinal structure might play an important role in the forcing of QTDWs; however, no clear link has been found to the observed QTDW zonal wavenumbers.

Analysis of nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium CO 4.7 μm fundamental, isotopic, and hot band emissions measured by the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding on Envisat

[1]xa0Nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium (non-LTE) simulations of the 12C16O(1 → 0) fundamental band, the 12C16O(2 → 1) hot band, and the isotopic 13C16O(1 → 0) band performed with the Generic Radiative Transfer and non-LTE population Algorithm (GRANADA) and the Karlsruhe Optimized and Precise Radiative Transfer Algorithm (KOPRA) have been compared to spectrally resolved 4.7 μm radiances measured by the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS). The performance of the non-LTE simulation has been assessed in terms of band radiance ratios in order to avoid a compensation of possible non-LTE model errors by retrieval errors in the CO abundances inferred from MIPAS data with the same non-LTE algorithms. The agreement with the measurements is within 5% for the fundamental band and within 10% for the hot band. Simulated 13C16O radiances agree with the measurements within the instrumental noise error. Solar reflectance at the surface or clouds has been identified as an important additional excitation mechanism for the CO(2) state. The study represents a thorough validation of the non-LTE scheme used in the retrieval of CO abundances from MIPAS data.