M.T. Brunetti

Observations of cosmic ray electrons and positrons using an imaging calorimeter

A ballon-borne magnet spectrometer system was flown for 5.5 hr at an altitude of more than 117,00 feet from Prince Albert, Saskatchewan (Canada), on 1989 September 5, when the Newark neutron monitor rate was 2952. The instrument was a modified version of the one used to observe antiprotons in 1979. The most significant modification was the addition of an imaging calorimeter, 7.33 radiation lengths thick. Inclusion of the calorimeter has significantly improved the ability to distinguish electrons and positrons from the other constituents of the cosmic rays. The absolute electron flux has been determined in the energy interval 1.3-26 GeV. The electron spectrum at the top of the atmosphere was found to be J(sub e-) = 177E(exp -(3.15+/-0.13)) electrons/ sq m/(sr s GeV) in the energy range 4.0-26 GeV. Below 4 GeV, the spectrum showed flattening, which is consistent with the effect of solar modulation. The e(+)/(e(+)+e(-)) ratio was found to be (0.11 +/- 0.03) in the energy range 5.2-13 GeV.

Measurements of the absolute energy spectra of cosmic-ray positrons and electrons above 7 GeV

A measurement of the energy spectra of cosmic-ray positrons and electrons was made with a balloon-borne magnet- spectrometer, which was flown at a mean geomagnetic cut-o of 4.5 GV/c. The observed positron flux in the energy range 7-16 GeV is approximately an order of magnitude lower than that of electrons, as measured in other experiments at various energies. The power law spectral index of the observed dierential energy spectrum of electrons is 2:89 0:10 in the energy interval 7.5-47 GeV. For positrons the overall fit of the available data above 7 GeV has been considered. The spectral index is found to be 3:37 0:26 and the fraction of positrons, e + /(e + + e ), has a mean value of 0:064 0:003. The world data on e + /(e + + e ) from 0.1 to 30 GeV indicate that a plerion type electron spectrum is preferred over the other types. The trend of the presently existing high energy data also suggests a possible contribution of positrons produced at the pulsar polar cap. High resolution experiments capable of identifying positrons at least up to 100 GeV with high statistics are required to pinpoint the origin of both electrons and positrons in the cosmic radiation.

Measurement of the positron to electron ratio in the cosmic rays above 5-GeV

As part of a series of experiments to search for antimatter in cosmic rays, the New Mexico State University balloon-borne magnet spectrometer was configured for a flight to study positrons. Two completely new instruments, a transition radiation detector and a silicon-tungsten imaging calorimeter, were added to the magnet spectrometer. These two detectors provided a proton rejection factor better than 3 × 104. This instrument was flown from Fort Sumner, New Mexico, at an average depth of 4.5 g cm-2 of residual atmosphere for a period of 25 hr. We report here the measured fraction of positrons e+/(e+ + e-) from ~5 to 60 GeV at the top of the atmosphere. Our measurements do not show any compelling evidence for an increase in this ratio with energy, and our results are consistent with a constant fraction of 0.078 ± 0.016 over the entire energy region.

Measurement of Cosmic-Ray Antiprotons from 3.7 to 19 GeV

The antiproton-to-proton ratio,p ¯/p, in cosmic rays has been measured in the energy range 3.7‐19 GeV. This measurement was carried out using a balloon-borne superconducting magnetic spectrometer along with a gas Cerenkov counter, an imaging calorimeter, and a time-of-flight scintillator system. The measuredp ¯/p ratio was

Absolute spectrum and charge ratio of cosmic ray muons in the energy region from 0.2 GeV to 100 GeV at 600 m above sea level

We have determined the momentum spectrum and charge ratio of muons in the region from 250 MeV/c to 100 GeV/c using a superconducting magnetic spectrometer. The absolute differential spectrum of muons obtained in this experiment at 600 m above sea level is in good agreement with the previous measurements at sea level. The differential spectrum can be represented by a power law with a varying index, which is consistent with zero below 450 MeV/c and steepens to a value of −2.7 ± 0.1 between 20 and 100 GeV/c. The integral flux of muons measured in this experiment span a very large range of momentum and is in excellent agreement with the earlier results. The positive to negative muon ratio appears to be constant in the entire momentum range covered in this experiment within the errors and the mean value is 1.220 ± 0.044. The absolute momentum spectrum and the charge ratio measured in this experiment are also consistent with the theoretical expectations. This is the only experiment which covers a wide range of nearly 3 decades in momentum from a very low momentum.

Momentum spectra of atmospheric pions, muons, electrons and positrons at balloon altitudes

Momentum spectra of pions, muons, electrons and secondary positrons have been measured at an atmospheric depth of 5: 8gc m 2 with the same instrument. Data was collected by the Matter Antimatter Space Spectrometer of the New Mexico State University in a balloon flight in September 1991 at the rigidity cut-off of 4 : 5G V c 1 in Fort Sumner, New Mexico. The first measurement of the positive muon spectrum in the range 0:15 GeV c 1 to 2 GeVc 1 is reported in this paper. The spectral index above 3 GeV c 1 of the negative muon momentum spectrum of this measurement is 2:39 0:05 in agreement with analytical cascade calculations which assume a primary proton kinetic energy spectrum with a slope of 2:740:02 in the corresponding kinetic energy range. In the momentum interval 300-700 MeV c 1 , both negative and positive muon fluxes turn out to be larger than calculated fluxes by a factor of about 1.4. The measurement of the secondary electron and positron energy spectra allows a reliable subtraction of the atmospheric background from the primary electron and positron fluxes which are affected by large uncertainties in most of the experiments. The energy spectra of the secondary particles reported here have the same systematic errors implying a higher relative accuracy with respect to those measurements made in different flights.

Study of radiation damage and substrate resistivity effects from beam test of silicon microstrip detectors using LHC readout electronics

Abstract We present the beam test results of single-sided silicon microstrip detectors, with different substrate resistivities. The effects of radiation damage are studied for a detector irradiated to a fluence of 2.4×10 14 n / cm 2 . The detectors are read out with the APV6 chip, which is compatible with the 40 MHz LHC clock. The performance of different detectors and readout modes are studied in terms of signal-to-noise ratio and efficiency.

Temperature dependence of time resolution and electronic noise in a silicon detector telescope

Abstract We have constructed a silicon detector time-of-flight spectrometer operating at low temperature with an overall time resolution of 115.2 ± 2.0 ps at −50°C for minimum ionizing particles with unitary charge. We report the measurement of the overall time resolution of the telescope versus temperature in several relevant experimental conditions from −50 to 20°C. An extensive experimental study of the noise components of the detector and of the electronic readout as a function of the temperature is also given. We present an analysis of the measured noise components in order to account for the improvement of time resolution when the temperature varies from 20 to −50°C. Future developments of cold silicon strip detectors for time-of-flight determination are considered.

Leakage current and capacity variation with temperature in silicon detectors of a space calorimeter

Abstract Leakage current and capacity dependence on temperature have been measured in the range − 30°C t

Negative pion and muon fluxes in atmospheric cascades at a depth of 5-g-cm**(-2)

This paper reports observations of the absolute momentum differential fluxes of negative pions and muons between 4 and 15 GeV/c and between 0.3 and 15 GeV/c, respectively, at an atmospheric depth of 5 g . The data have been collected by the balloon-borne experiment MASS (matter - antimatter space spectrometer) launched from Prince Albert (Canada) where the geomagnetic cut-off is 650 MV/c. The instrument was flown on the 5th of September 1989, the duration of the flight was 5.5 hours at an altitude of more than 117 000 ft. The measured fluxes are compared to calculations. The muon spectrum follows a power law in momentum with a spectral index of 2.36 above 2 GeV/c.