Magnus Neuman

Anisotropic reflectance from turbid media. I. Theory

It is shown that the intensity of light reflected from plane-parallel turbid media is anisotropic in all situations encountered in practice. The anisotropy, in the form of higher intensity at large polar angles, increases when the amount of near-surface bulk scattering is increased, which dominates in optically thin and highly absorbing media. The only situation with isotropic intensity is when a non-absorbing infinitely thick medium is illuminated diffusely. This is the only case where the Kubelka-Munk model gives exact results and there exists an exact translation between Kubelka-Munk and general radiative transfer. This also means that a bulk scattering perfect diffusor does not exist. Angle-resolved models are thus crucial for a correct understanding of light scattering in turbid media. The results are derived using simulations and analytical calculations. It is also shown that there exists an optimal angle for directional detection that minimizes the error introduced when using the Kubelka-Munk model to interpret reflectance measurements with diffuse illumination.

Anisotropic reflectance from turbid media. II. Measurements.

The anisotropic reflectance from turbid media predicted using the radiative transfer based DORT2002 model is experimentally verified through goniophotometric measurements. A set of paper samples with varying amounts of dye and thickness is prepared, and their angle resolved reflectance is measured. An alleged perfect diffusor is also included. The corresponding simulations are performed. A complete agreement between the measurements and model predictions is seen regarding the characteristics of the anisotropy. They show that relatively more light is reflected at large polar angles when the absorption or illumination angle is increased or when the medium thickness is decreased. This is due to the relative amount of near-surface bulk scattering increasing in these cases. This affects the application of the Kubelka-Munk model as well as standards for reflectance measurements and calibration routines.

Point spreading in turbid media with anisotropic single scattering.

Point spreading is investigated using general radiative transfer theory. We find that the single scattering anisotropy plays a significant role for point spreading together with the medium mean free path, single scattering albedo and thickness. When forward scattering dominates, the light will on average undergo more scattering events to give a specific optical response in reflectance measurements. This will significantly increase point spreading if the medium is low absorbing with large mean free path. Any fundamental and generic model of point spreading must capture the dependence on all of these medium characteristics.

Modelling and Control of Series HEVs Including Resistive Losses and Varying Engine Efficiency

A model of a series HEV (Hybrid Electric Vehicle) including resistive losses in the energy storage and varying engine and generator efficiency is presented. The purpose is to study how system prope ...

Lateral light scattering in fibrous media

Lateral light scattering in fibrous media is investigated by computing the modulation transfer function (MTF) of 22 paper samples using a Monte Carlo model. The simulation tool uses phase functions from infinitely long homogenous cylinders and the directional inhomogeneity of paper is achieved by aligning the cylinders in the plane. The inverse frequency at half maximum of the MTF is compared to both measurements and previous simulations with isotropic and strongly forward single scattering phase functions. It is found that the conical scattering by cylinders enhances the lateral scattering and therefore predicts a larger extent of lateral light scattering than models using rotationally invariant single scattering phase functions. However, it does not fully reach the levels of lateral scattering observed in measurements. It is argued that the hollow lumen of a wood fiber or dependent scattering effects must be considered for a complete description of lateral light scattering in paper.

Lateral light scattering in paper - MTF simulation and measurement

The modulation transfer function (MTF) of 22 paper samples is computed using Monte Carlo simulations with isotropic or strongly forward single scattering. The inverse frequency at half maximum of the MTF (kp) is found inappropriate as a single metric for the MTF since it is insensitive to the shape of the modeled and simulated MTF. The single scattering phase function has a significant impact on the shape of the MTF, leading to more lateral scattering. However, anisotropic single scattering cannot explain the larger lateral scattering observed in paper. It is argued that the directional inhomogeneity of paper requires a light scattering model with both the phase function and scattering distances being dependent on the absolute direction.

Extension of the Stokes equation for layered constructions to fluorescent turbid media

Expressions relating the bispectral reflectance of a stack of n fluorescing layers to each individual layers reflectance and transmittance are derived. This theoretical framework is used together with recently proposed extensions of the Kubelka-Munk model to study the fluorescence from layered turbid media. For one layer over a reflecting background, the model is shown to give the same results as a previous model. The extension to n layers with different optical properties allows simulating the bispectral reflectance from a pad of layered turbid media. The applicability of the model is exemplified with an optimization of fluorophore distribution in layered turbid media.

Targets, Constraints and Rules for Hybrid Management in a Series Hybrid Bus Intended for Commercial Introduction

Targets, constraints and rules for hybrid management in a series hybrid bus intended for commercial introduction

Angular dependence of fluorescence from turbid media

We perform Monte Carlo light scattering simulations to study the angular distribution of the fluorescence emission from turbid media and compare the results to measured angular distributions from fluorescing white paper samples. The angular distribution of fluorescence emission is significantly depending on the concentration of fluorophores. The simulations show also a dependence on the angle of incidence that is however not as evident in the measurements. A detailed analysis of the factors affecting this angular distribution indicates that it is strongly correlated to the mean depth of the fluorescence process. The findings can find applications in fluorescence spectroscopy and are of particular interest when optimizing the impact of fluorescence on e.g. the appearance of paper as the measured values are angle dependent.

Solving equations through particle dynamics

The present work evaluates a recently developed particle method (DFPM). The basic idea behind this method is to utilize a Newtonian system of interacting particles that through dissipation solves mathematical problems. We find that this second order dynamical system results in an algorithm that is among the best methods known. The present work studies large systems of linear equations. Of special interest is the wide eigenvalue spectrum. This case is common as the discretization of the continuous problem becomes dense. The convergence rate of DFPM is shown to be in parity with that of the conjugate gradient method, both analytically and through numerical examples. However, an advantage with DFPM is that it is cheaper per iteration. Another advantage is that it is not restricted to symmetric matrices only, as is the case for the conjugate gradient method. The convergence properties of DFPM are shown to be superior to the closely related approach utilizing only a first order dynamical system, and also to several other iterative methods in numerical linear algebra. The performance properties are understood and optimized by taking advantage of critically damped oscillators in classical mechanics. Just as in the case of the conjugate gradient method, a limitation is that all eigenvalues (spring constants) are required to be of the same sign. DFPM has no other limitation such as matrix structure or a spectral radius as is common among iterative methods. Examples are provided to test the particle algorithm’s merits and also various performance comparisons with existent numerical algorithms are provided.