Malay Ranjan Tripathy

Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey

Extensive usage of wireless sensor network (WSN) is the reason of development of many routing protocols. Recent advances in WSN now witness the increased interest in the potential use in applications like Military, Environmental, Health (Scanning), Space Exploration, Vehicular Movement, Mechanical stress levels on attached objects, disaster management, combat field reconnaissance etc. Sensors are expected to be remotely deployed in unattended environments. Routing as one key technologies of wireless sensor network has now become a hot research because the applications of WSN is everywhere, it is impossible that there is a routing protocol suitable for all applications. In this paper, the various routing protocol are classified and described. The growing interest in WSN and the continual emergence of new architectural techniques inspired surveying the characteristics, applications and communication protocols for such a technical area.

Security Solutions for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a talented technology that shows great assurance for a variety of ultramodern applications both for mass public and military. The appearance of sensor networks as one of the central technology trends in the coming decades has posed several exclusive challenges to researchers. The key research spotlight has been on making sensor networks sufficient and helpful. This paper analyzes security requirements in wireless sensor networks and summarizes key issues, attacks and threats that should be solved for achieving the ad hoc security. We also present some secure solutions for achieving the security in wireless sensor networks.

Non-resonant microwave absorption studies in Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+x

Abstract Non-resonant microwave absorption (NRMA) studies have been carried out on Bi 1.6 Pb 0.4 Sr 2 Ca 2 Cu 3 O 10+ x pellets sintered for different durations varying from 24 to 168 h by using EPR technique. A detailed study of the temperature dependence of the NRMA signal amplitude, peak-to-peak width, hysteresis area has been carried out. Apart from showing a flux line lattice (FLL) melting temperature T m ( B ) (60–70 K), it is interesting to note that hysteresis loops showed the anomalous magnetic behaviour in the entire temperature regions even far below the fluctuation regime. The results are discussed in terms of several current models for the NRMA effects as well as for its anomalous magnetic hysteresis behaviour.

Resource Efficient Clustering and Next Hop Knowledge Based Routing in Multiple Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks are useful in various industrial, commercial, Internet of Things IoT, Internet of Everything IoE and many important tracking purpose applications. Energy is a limited and not replaceable. Hence it is the most focused research area in the field of wireless sensor networks. In this paper, Cluster Based Energy Resource Efficient & Next Hop Knowledge based Routing Protocol CBERERP is proposed for multiple heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. For any routing protocol, energy resources generally depend on number of message exchanges, transmission of data and control packets among the various sensor nodes to reach an agreement. CBERERP uses distributed concept for selection of cluster head among of heterogeneous nodes and intelligent cluster formation to minimize the energy consumption. Further, the proposed protocol reduces energy using a routing technique which minimizes the hop distance, the number of transmission of data and the number of control packets.

Multi-Edged Wide-Band Rectangular Microstrip Fractal Antenna Array for C- and X-Band Wireless Applications

A low-cost multi-edged rectangular microstrip fractal antenna (RMFA) yielding a huge bandwidth of 8.62GHz has been proposed in this paper. The proposed fractal antenna design constitutes a radiation patch, fed with 50Ω microstrip line and a partial ground plane. The partial ground plane is the combination of shapes of rectangle and three-point arc. The proposed antenna is simulated as well as fabricated. The simulated results using electromagnetic solver software and measured with vector network analyzer bench MS46322A are presented and compared. The various parameters such as return loss, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), antenna impedance, gain, directivity, group delay and phase of S21, radiation efficiency and patterns are presented here. The depth of return loss is improved for a wide range of frequencies. The proposed fractal antenna is further extended to linear array to improve the gain and impedance bandwidth. The simulated and measured results prove the superiority of the proposed antenna.

A Compact Dual Band Antenna for IOV Applications

A compact dual band antenna is designed on FR4 substrate with permeability er 4.4. The dimension of antenna is 30 X 35 X 1.5i¾?mm3. A wheel shaped antenna with slots and stubs is proposed. Coplanar wave guide feeding is made to make it simple and compact. Dual band is obtained in S11 vs. frequency plots. Lower band is obtained from 1.3i¾?GHz to 2.9i¾?GHz. The higher band is obtained from 5.3i¾?GHz to 7.5i¾?GHz. Both the bands are broad and highly useful for IoT and IoV applications. Apart from this, these bands are important for WLAN, WiFi and ISM applications. From radiation pattern plots for i¾?, i¾? = 0, omni directional patterns are obtained but for i¾?, i¾? = 90, bidirectional radiation pattern are obtained at 2.4i¾?GHz. The current density distribution on CPW fed antenna is shown and is found to be interesting for further improvements of antenna parameters.

Improved Routing Protocol for MANET

Mobile ad-hoc network is defined as the nodes are communicate with each other without any fixed network. Here nodes are itself act as the router. In manet nodes are in movable format that means they change network topologies time to time as they change their position. In manet congestion is main issue. When many number of nodes transmitted packets across the network then network increases congestion which may leads to packets losses. In the existing work there is no phenomena to handle the congestion effectively. The proposed system modifies the existing AODV algorithm by using congestion control phenomena. In this system the node waits for acknowledgement for the threshold period of time. If the acknowledgement not received with in threshold period then the node broadcast again to select alternate path. This paper discuss the congestion control using EAODV. Here we analyze the performance of proposed system which is better than existing system by using various performance parameters on different number of nodes namely packet delivery ratio, end to end delay, packet loss ratio.

An M-Shaped Microstrip Antenna Array for WLAN, WiMAX and Radar Applications

A compact multiband antenna, using HFSS, is designed on FR4_epoxy substrate. The dimension of substrate are chosen to be 50 × 75 × 1.6 mm3 and has a permittivity of 4.4. An M-shaped antenna with symmetrical slots is used to form an array which is proposed in this paper. Inset feeding is made to make it simple and compact. Multibands are obtained in S11 versus frequency plots. The effects of forming an array of the antenna elements had been evaluated in order to obtain an upgraded performance of the presented antenna in the WLAN, WiMAX and Radar range. Lower bands were obtained with operating frequencies at 2.4, 3.6, and 5 GHz suitable for WLAN and WiMAX applications. For the operations in K-band Radar range, interesting results were obtained in 11.3–14.4 GHz band.

Performance Analysis of AMC-Based Bowtie-Shaped Slotted Antenna for Terahertz (THz) Applications

This paper presents the design and performance analysis of AMC (artificial magnetic conductor)-based bowtie-shaped slotted antenna at a solution frequency 1.56 THz for a frequency range of 1.1–1.8 THz. In fact, a metamaterial-inspired structure, which acts as an artificial magnetic conductor (AMC), is used along with ground plane to enhance overall performance of the design. The characteristic parameters like return loss, VSWR, gain, and radiation pattern of proposed design have been presented and analyzed to exhibit the performance of the design proposed. The simulated results demonstrate that the designed antenna exhibits multiband in nature. The maximum gain of 6.14 dB and return loss of −20.14 dB are achieved at 1.56 and 1.4940 THz, respectively. HFSS simulation software is used for simulating the design.

Understanding stability of rate control schemes on dynamic communication networks

Questions of rate control on dynamic networks have been open due to lack of rigorous tools in applied Mathematics regarding dynamic networks. Recent developments in theoretical modeling of dynamic networks pave the way for new insights in better understanding of rate control on dynamic networks in general and processes on dynamic networks in particular. Making further progress on our earlier work of modeling framework for a spatio-temporal process, we explore the issue the of stability of such processes using Lyapunov theory. We formulate Lyapunov functions for rate control scheme and provide new insights about long term stability of these processes as they evolve in a very natural setting for packet transfer over communication networks. We present fresh simulation and analytical results to demonstrate the impact of topological changes in communication network and quantify the performance metric in the presence of dynamic transformations. Such scenarios arise natural in swarming, moving vehicles convoys, troop movements, UAV formations and in the community of fast moving receivers and senders during man-made or natural gatherings and disasters.