Man-Young Choi

Biological control based IPM of insect pests on sweet pepper in greenhouse in the summer.

Biological-control-based-integrated-pest-management of major pests occurring on sweet pepper in greenhouse during summer season was tried. As many as 2.1 Orius laevigatus per were released in two times on June 6 and 19, and the population of thrips was kept under control and accordingly the damage was negligible throughout the season. To control aphids, a total of 0.8 Aphidius colemani per were released in four times, 0.2 of them at a time, flonicamid on May 14 and July 18 and pymetrozine on June 14 and September 4 were sprayed on the spots of high aphid occurrence to reduce the release of the wasp, and the density of aphids was kept under control. Whitefly was controlled successfully by releasing a total of 343.4 Amblyseius swirski per in nine times, 38.1 of them at a time, from May 9 until November 12 and dinotefuran was sprayed on November 12 when the density of whitefly increased up to 200 per trap. Tetranichus kanzawai was controlled by both Phytoseiulus persimilis which was released a total of 44.4 per in five times 8.9 of them at a time from May 23 to September 10, and the A. swirski which was released for the control of whitefly.

Parasitism Rate of Egg Parasitoid Anastatus orientalis (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) on Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) in China

Anastatus orientalis Yang et Gibson(Hymenoptera : Eupelmidae) is the egg parasitoid of lantern-fly Lycorma delicatula. The natural parasitism showed that: (1)the highest parasitism rate of egg masses was 68.96% in Yantai Shandong; (2)the highest parasitism rate of eggs was 32.98% in Haidian Beijing; (3)the eggs of parasitoids hatched and emerged earliest in Yangling Shaanxi; emergence time of different populations in Yantai, Guangang Tianjin, Qinhuangdao Hebei and Haidian was similar; (4) the sex ratios were various among the populations ranging from 1.92 to 1.94; (5) parasitism rates of egg masses on Populus sp., Salix sp. and Toona sinensis were not significantly different, the highest parasitism rate of egg masses was 64.3% on T. sinensis, and the lowest rate was 27.4% on Ailanthus altissima; (6)parasitism rates of eggs on Populus sp., Salix sp., T. sinensis and A. altissima were not significantly different, about 30% averagely.

Cold storage effect on the biological characteristics of Orius laevigatus (Fieber) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae).

We have investigated some biological characteristics, such as survival rate and fecundity, of Orius laevigatus and Phytoseiulus persimilis, which have been stored at 6, 8, 10, , RH , in dark condition. Overall, an appropriate temperature for cold storage was for O. laevigatus and for P. persimilis. 70% of adult O. laevigatus could survive for 36 days at . The O. laevigatus stored at for days laid eggs. Since fresh (no storage) O. laevigatus laid 224.5 eggs, comparative fecundity of stored adults was of normal fecundity. P. persimilis stored at for days with (food eggs of Tetranychus urticae) laid eggs. Since fresh P. persimilis laid 26.4 eggs, comparative fecundity of stored adults was of normal fecundity.

Biological control of insect pests with arthropod natural enemies on greenhouse sweet pepper in winter cropping system.

This study reports the results of natural enemy application against four insect pests on greenhouse sweet pepper in winter cropping system. Orius laevigatus () was released at two different times (Nov. 2005 & Feb. 2006) to control Frankliniella occidentalis, western flower thrips (WFT). Throughout the cropping season, the lowest level recorded of WFT was less than 2.0 individuals per yellow sticky trap. Amblyseius swirskii () was released four times (Nov. 2007 ~ Aug. 2008) to control Bemisia tabaci, tobacco whitefly (TWF). Until July 2008, TWF population had been suppressed lower than 6.6/trap. Phytoseiulus persimilis () was released seven times (Apr. 2008 ~ Aug. 2008) to control Tetranychus kanzawai, tea red spider mite (TRSM). As a result, TRSM population was suppressed lower than 1.7/1eaf. To control aphids, Aphidius colemani () was released seven times (Oct. 2004 ~ Jan. 2005), with the transplantation of banker plants (). As a whole, aphid`s population has been successfully reduced to less than 2.0/leaf.

Control Efficacy of Natural Enemies on Four Arthropod Pests found in Greenhouse Hot Pepper

The effect of natural enemies on four major pests of hot pepper was tested in greenhouses. The aphids were successfully controlled by introducing three Aphidius colemani-banker plants, and releasing 23.3 wasps per on April 16 and 23 wasps per in a greenhouse of 660 . To control thrips, Orius laevigatus was released twice, 3.0 bugs per at a time(May and June ). The thrips population was controlled within 0.3 thrips per flower during the growing season. To control two species of mites, Tetranychus kanzawai and Polyphagotarsonemus latus, and the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, a total of 113.7 individuals of Amblyseius swirskii were released twice(May and ). The densities of B. tabaci and T. kanzawai were kept within 171.0 individuals/trap and 0.8 individual/leaf, respectively. P. latus was suppressed completely twelve days after release. The cost of the released natural enemies to control the four arthropod pests in this study was 420,000 Won per 660 .

Biological control of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on cucumber, using Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae).

By releasing predatory mite, Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot, with 25 individuals per cucumber plant in a commercial greenhouse (1,600 ), the population of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), was kept under the economic threshold level. The initial thrips population of 18.3 individuals per leaf decreased to 2.1 individuals per leaf after four weeks, while the number of A. swirskii reached to 16.6 individuals per leaf. It was also observed that at a point where the thrips occurred in high density of about 34.3 individuals per leaf, A. swirskii population built up on the lower part of cucumber plant first, but as time passed the predatory mites moved upward to the top of the plant and aggregated.

The Effect of Temperatures on the Biological Characteristics of Two Aphid Parasitoids Aphelinus asychis (Walker) and Aphelinus varipes (Förster) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) on Two Aphid Hosts

ABSTRACT: This study compared the Aphelinus varipes and Aphelinus asychis in terms of how they parasitized the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii and green peach aphid, Myzus persicae. Host-feeding, parasitism, emergence, the proportion of females and development time were all studied at 15, 20, 25 and 30 ℃ in controlled climate cabinets. When A. gossypii were provided for the two aphid parasitoids, the number of aphids killed by host-feeding for A. varipes (5.4 and 9.7 aphids) at 15 ℃ and 25 ℃ was higher than those for A. asychis (2.0 an d2.9 aphids). At 15℃ and 30℃, the parasitized A. gossypii were higher in A. varipes (11.1 and 21 aphids) than in A. asychis (7 and 12.3 aphids). The emergence rate was also significantly different between A. varipes (83.3%) and A. asychis (69.4%). The proportion of femaleswas higher for A. asychis (75.2 and 73.9%) than for A. varipes (19.5 and 48.6%) at 15 ℃ and 30 ℃, respectively. No significant difference swere found in development time between the two parasitoids. When M. persicae were provided for the two parasitoid species, the host-feeding number and the emergence rate of two parasitoids were not different at all four temperatures. The M. persicae were more highly parasitized by A. varipes (12.1 and 17.1 aphids) than by A. asychis (6.1, 10 aphids) at 20 and 25 ℃. The proportion of females fo rA. varipes (65.3 and 90.0%) was higher than that for A. asychis (34.4 and 78.8%) at 15 ℃ and 25 ℃. The development time from ovipositio nto the adult emergence of A. varipes (19.9 d) was significantly longer than that of A. asychis (16.5 d) at 20 ℃. Development times decrease dwith increasing temperature for both in two parasitoid species. Key words: Biological characteristics, Aphelinus varipes, Aphelinus asychis, Aphis gossypii, Myzus persicae초 록: 진딧물 기생봉인 목화면충좀벌과 진디면충좀벌의 기주를 목화진딧물과 복숭아혹진딧물로 하여 15, 20, 25, 30℃에서 사육하면서 기주섭식수, 기생수, 우화율, 성비, 발육기간을 조사하였다. 목화진딧물이 기주일 때 15℃, 25℃에서 목화면충좀벌의 기주섭식수(5.4, 9.7마리)가 진디면충좀벌(2.0, 2.9마리)보다 많았으며 복숭아혹진딧물이 기주일 때 2종 기생봉 간 기주섭식수의 차이는 없었다. 목화진딧물에 기생한 목화면충좀벌의 기생수가 15℃에서 11.1마리, 30℃에서 21마리로 진디면충좀벌의 기생수(7, 12.3마리)보다 많았으며 복숭아혹진딧물에 기생시켰을 때는 20℃와 25℃에서 목화면충좀벌의 기생수(12.1, 17.1마리)가 진디면충좀벌(6.1, 10마리)보다 더 많았다. 목화진딧물을 기주로 했을 때 30℃에서 목화면충좀벌의 우화율(83.3%)이 진디면충좀벌(69.4%)보다 높았으며 복숭아혹진딧물에서는 우화율 차이가 없었다 . 목화진딧물에서 사육했을 때 진디면충좀벌의 암컷비율이 15℃에서 75.2%, 30℃에서 73.9%로 목화면충좀벌의 암컷비율(19.5, 48.6%)보다 높았으며 복숭아혹진딧물에서 사육했을 때는 목화면충좀벌의 암컷비율이 15℃에서 65.3%, 25 ℃에서 90.0%여서 진디면충좀벌의 암컷비율(34.4, 78.8%) 보다 높은 것을 알 수 있었다. 목화진딧물에서 2종 기생봉간 산란에서 우화까지의 발육기간의 차이는 없었고 복숭아혹진딧물에서는 20℃에서 목화면충좀벌의 발육기간(19.9일)이 진디면충좀벌(16.5일)보다 길었다. 검색어: 생물적 특성, 목화면충좀벌, 진디면충좀벌, 목화진딧물, 복숭아혹진딧물*Corresponding author: biotin92@korea.krReceived January 30 2012; Revised September 28 2012Accepted November 6 2012

Effect of Temperature on the Biological Attributes of the Brown Lacewing Micromus angulatus (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae)

ABSTRACT: This study was performed to investigate the biological characteristics of the brown lacewing Micromus angulatus (Stephens)at four different temperatures (15, 20, 25, and 30 ℃) and 70 ± 10% relative humidity under a photoperiodic regime of 16: 8(L:D) h. Thedevelopmental threshold and effective accumulative temperature from egg to pupa for M. angulatus were 9.6 ℃ and 270.3 day-degrees,respectively. The developmental period of egg, larva, and pupa at 25 ℃ was 4.4, 5.5, and 6.9 days. respectively. The longevity of an adul tfemale M. angulatus was 34.9 days. The oviposition period for M. angulatus was 28.7 days, in which it laid a total number of 515.2 eggsduring its life span. The maximum number of eggs laid by a female in a day was 54.8. Daily consumption by M. angulatus at 25℃was18.9 1 st instars, 47.2 2 nd instars, 57.7 3 rd instars, and 91.0 adults of the glasshouse potato aphid, Aulacorthum solani . Therefore, M. angulatu scould be a promising biological control agent against aphids. Key words: Natural enemy, Micromus angulatus, Development, Oviposition, Predation초 록: 본 연구는 온도(15, 20, 25, 30℃), 습도(70 ± 10%), 광주기(16L:8D)에서 갈고리뱀잠자리붙이의 생물적 특성을 조사하기 위해 수행되었다. 알에서부터 번데기까지의 발육영점온도 및 유효적산온도는 각각 9.6℃ 및 270.3일도였다. 25℃에서 갈고리뱀잠자리붙이의 알 기간은 4.4일, 유충은 5.5일, 번데기는 6.9일이었다. 암컷 성충의 수명은 34.9일, 산란 기간은 28.7일이었고, 총 산란수는 515.2개, 1일 최대 산란수는 54.8개였다. 25℃에서 갈고리뱀잠자리붙이에 의한 싸리수염진딧물의 1령, 2령, 3령 및 성충의 일일 포식량은 각각 18.9, 47.2, 57.7 및 91.0마리이었다. 따라서 갈고리뱀잠자리붙이는 진딧물의 포식성 천적으로 이용이 가능할 것으로 여겨진다 .검색어: 천적, 갈고리뱀잠자리붙이, 발육, 산란, 포식*Corresponding author: kim9@korea.krReceived April 12 2013; Revised August 12 2013Accepted August 27 2013진딧물은 전 세계적으로 약 4천여 종이 분포하는 것으로 알려져 있다(Blackman and Eastop, 1984). 농작물에 발생하는 진딧물은 식물의 양분을 빨아먹고 질병을 매개할 뿐만 아니라 번식력과 발육속도가 빨라 많은 피해를 주는 매우 중요한 해충이다. 진딧물의 방제는 주로 화학농약을 이용하여 왔으나 , 농산물의 생산자와 소비자 모두 인체에 해롭다는 인식에는 공감하고 있다. 2000년대부터 농약사용을 줄일 수 있는 해충방제 인자로 천적을 이용한 방제법이 본격화되었으며 , 현재 진딧물의 생물적 방제용으로 판매되고 있는 천적은 8종정도이다(http://www. dongbufarmceres.co.kr/).진딧물의 포식성 천적으로 알려진 갈고리뱀잠자리붙이(Micromus angulatus)는 풀잠자리목(Neuroptera) 뱀잠자리붙이과(Hemerobiidae)에 속하는데, 진딧물 뿐 만 아니라 깍지벌레나 응애류 등도 포식하는 광식성이다 (New, 1975; Samson and Blood, 1980; Navi et al., 2010; MacLeod and Stange, 2011). 본 종은 주로 열대와 온대지역에 분포하며 (Navi et al., 2010), 우리

Effect of Temperature on the Development, Oviposition and Predation of the Bigeyed Bug, Geocoris pallidipennis Costa (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae)

Developmental characteristics of Geocoris pallidipennis were investigated at a constant temperature (, , , , and ), under long day illumination 16:8 (L:D) and constant relative humidity (). From egg to adulthood, the lower developmental threshold and the effective accumulative temperature were and 399.1 day-degree, respectively. The experimental results at were as follows. The egg period was 5.6 days (hatchability: 81.1%) and the nymphal period was 14.3 days (1st: 3.2, 2nd: 2.2, 3rd: 2.7, 4th: 2.7, 5th: 3.6). Female longevity was 33.8 days and the oviposition period was 29.2 days. Total egg production was 111.2 eggs and the maximum daily egg production was 14.8 eggs (in 7th days). However, although some eggs and nymphs developed at , G. pallidipennis could not develop at , The total egg production at was only 22.1 eggs. When G. pallidipennis was fed on Bemisia tabaci pupae, daily prey consumption by nymphs (1st, 3rd and 5th) and adults was 1.9, 7.3, 18.7 and 29.5, respectively.

Developmental Performance and Parasitism of Trichogramma chilonis Ishii on Eggs of the Oriental Tobacco Budworm, Helicoverpa assulta(Guenee), and the American Bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) Depending on Previous Hosts

The parasitism, development time, hatchability, and progeny production of Trichogramma chilonis(TC) females developed in eggs of Helicoverpa assulta (HAs), Cadra cautella (CC), and Helicoverpa armigera (HAr), respectively, were compared with those developed in reciprocal eggs at constant temperatures of and relative humidity of 50~70% under 16L-8D. Developmental performances of TC reared in each of the three hosts on the following hosts(host tested) appeared differently, and were affected most by the size of the proceeding hosts and test host. Among the parameters parasitism and progeny production were affected more than others. Parasitism was significantly different between the treatments, lowest in CC-HAr() and highest in HAr-HAs(), and the hatchability showed similar pattern. Development time as well was shortest in the CC-HAr where previous host is smallest and test host is biggest. The highest number of progeny production of TC was observed in HAr-HAs( wasps), and the lowest was CC-HAs( wasps).