Manabu Tsukada

IPv6 support for VANET with geographical routing

IPv6 support is needed in vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) with geographical routing. Basic IPv6 protocols such as address auto-configuration assume multicast capable link. However, in VANET, the definition of link becomes ambiguous and it is difficult to support link-scope multicast. Artificial emulation of multicast capable link like Ethernet is possible but may cause low efficiency and high cost. A new way to efficiently run IPv6 over VANET is needed and this paper proposes such a scheme. Our proposal takes the architecture defined by the C2C-CC (car-to-car communication consortium) as a reference system and exploits its inherent features to perform IPv6 operations without link-scope multicast.

On the Design of Efficient Vehicular Applications

Vehicular communications attract the attention of many people in the networking research world. These networks present some special features, such as high mobility or specific topologies, which affect the performance of applications. In order to select the appropriate technologies, more effort should be directed to identify the final necessities of the network. Few works identify possible applications of vehicular networks, but none of them link application requirements which networking technologies available in the vehicular field. In this paper, we fill this gap, and propose an analysis of application requirements and study how to deal with them using communication technologies for the physical and network level. This study contains key factors which must be taken into account, especially, at the designing stage of the vehicular network.

Assessment of VANET multi-hop routing over an experimental platform

Experimental evaluation of Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) is still a remaining issue for most researchers. Some works carry out performance tests to evaluate the communication channel according to physical and MAC conditions. Only a few works deal with multi-hop experimentation, but practically none use routing protocols. In this paper an integral VANET testbed is evaluated, using 802.11b and a multi-hop network managed by the Optimised Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol. Up to four vehicles are used to study the VANET performance over different traffic environments and different metrics are considered to analyse the results, including a deeper analysis to track the routes followed by packets end to end. Results differ from traditional one-hop and static-route tests, presenting a more realistic study.

Experimental evaluation for IPv6 over VANET geographic routing

Vehicular communication is an important part of the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). Geographic routing in vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is becoming an interesting topic to deliver safety messages between cars but also between a car and a roadside infrastructure within a designated destination area. The Car2Car Communication Consortium specified C2CNet architecture as a geographic routing protocol. The results of GeoNet project are presented in the paper, which aims at combining IPv6 networking and C2CNet. The system with IPv6 and C2CNet is designed and implemented in Linux. The prototype implementation is first evaluated indoor testbed with the fixed positions. Then it is evaluated in the field testbed with three vehicles with various scenarios. For evaluation in field testbed, we have developed the AnaVANET evaluation tool to perform the evaluation taking into account all of geographic factors.

Experimental analysis of multi-hop routing in vehicular ad-hoc networks

Evaluation of vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) over real environments is still a remaining issue for most researchers. There are some works dealing with common 802.11 analysis over real vehicular environments, which carry out performance tests to measure the quality of the communication channel and justify results according to physical and MAC conditions. There are only a few works regarding multi-hop experimentation in this field, and even less (if not none) testing multi-hop protocols. In this paper an integral VANET testbed is evaluated, using 802.11b and a multi-hop network managed by the Optimized Link State Routing protocol (OLSR). Up to four vehicles are used over urban and highway environments to study the VANET performance, and different metrics are used to analyse the results in terms of delay, bandwidth, packet loss and distance between nodes. Furthermore, a deeper analysis is carried out to study the route followed by packets end to end, which enables us to count the number of hops and detect the links where packets are lost. Because a routing protocol is used, results differ from traditional two-hop and staticroute tests, presenting a more realistic study. OLSR is considered as a good reference point for the research community, although it is not the most suitable protocol for vehicular environments, as results show.

Location-aware service discovery on IPv6 GeoNetworking for VANET

Service discovery is an essential component for applications in vehicular communication systems. While there have been numerous service discovery protocols dedicated to a local network, mobile ad-hoc networks and the Internet, in vehicular communication systems, applications pose additional requirements; They need to discover services according to geographical position. In this paper, we propose a location-aware service discovery mechanism for Vehicular Ad-hoc NETwork (VANET). The proposed mechanism exploits IPv6 multicast on top of IPv6 GeoNetworking specified by the GeoNet project. Thanks to the GeoBroadcast mechanism, it efficiently propagates service discovery messages to a subset of nodes inside a relevant geographical area with encapsulating IPv6 multicast packets. We implemented the mechanism using CarGeo6, an open source implementation of IPv6 GeoNetworking. Our real field evaluation shows the system can discover services with low latency and low bandwidth usage in VANETs.

Experimental evaluation of an open source implementation of IPv6 GeoNetworking in VANETs

ISO TC204 and ETSI TC ITS are developing a set of standards for Cooperative ITS (Cooperative Intelligent transportation Systems) which will allow ITS stations i.e. vehicles, the road infrastructure and other peers reachable through the Internet to cooperate and exchange information with one another in order to enhance road safety, traffic efficiency and comfort for all road users. In situations where the exchange of information has to transit through the Internet, the use of IP, more specifically IPv6, is crucial and meets ITS needs for reliable and scalable communication capabilities in vehicular networks. An implementation of Cooperative ITS communication protocols is necessary to validate extensively the ETSI and ISO Cooperative ITS standards. In this paper, we describe CarGeo6, an ongoing open-source implementation of the IPv6 GeoNetworking capabilities of the ITS station reference architecture based on the output of the GeoNet European Project. CarGeo6 combines IPv6 and GeoNetworking capabilities into a common protocol stack for the transmission of IPv6 packets into a given geographical area. This paper reports the validation process and the network performance evaluation of CarGeo6 as well as a comparison of these results with GeoNet results.

Application of IPv6 multicast to VANET

Vehicular networks (VANET) attract a lot of attention in the research world. Novel vehicular applications need suitable communication mechanisms to extend in-vehicle capabilities and, be aware about surrounding events. However, these networks present some characteristics, such as high mobility or specific topologies. These properties affect the performances of applications and more effort should be directed to identify the final network requirements. One of the most important challenges is the availability of an appropriate addressing mechanism to transmit information to vehicles in a target area. In this scope, the multicast mechanism with IPv6 is considered as a suitable and appropriate solution for those applications. Thus, in this paper, we study and analyze the possibilities for integrating IPv6 multicast mechanism in VANET context. We particularly propose to encode GPS coordinates into the IPv6 multicast address and to use digital map in order to map multicast addresses to dedicated areas.

Real-Vehicle Integration of Driver Support Application with IPv6 GeoNetworking

One of the essential usage of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) applications is to provide road traffic information to vehicle drivers for road safety and efficient drive. For this usage, it is necessary to integrate geographical routing mechanisms in vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) into ITS applications. In this paper, we design and implement an ITS application which relies on IPv6 GeoNetworking; a geographical addressing and routing mechanism developed in the GeoNet project. Our application supports realistic use case scenarios, therefore we integrated it into INRIAs vehicular platform. The system has publicly been demonstrated in realistic scenarios.

Geographical information extension for IPv6: Application to VANET

The availability of efficient location system receivers, numerous calculation techniques of the relative coordinates and the need to design an efficient and a scalable network are the main reasons for geographical information usage in vehicular networks (VANET). IPv6 is considered as the most appropriate technologies to support communication in VANET thanks to its extended address space, enhanced mobility support, ease of configuration and embedded security. Although, in the context of VANET, the knowledge of the actual geographical location becomes crucial, this information is still lacking in IPv6. Thus, the main challenge is to integrate the geographical location into the current design of IP mechanism. Few studies have dealt with geographical addressing in IPv6 for VANET. In this paper, we study and analyze some possibilities to enrich IPv6 with geographical information.