Manoel da Cunha Costa

Aptidão física relacionada à saúde de idosos: influência da hidroginástica

RESUMENAptitud fisica relacionada con la salud de los anosos: in-fluencia de la hidrogimnasiaFundamentos y objetivos: La practica del ejercicio fisi-co, ademas de combatir el sedentarismo, contribuye demanera significativa para el mantenimiento de la aptitudfisica. El objetivo de este estudio fue el verificar el efectode la practica de la hidrogimnasia sobre la aptitud fisicadel anoso asociada a la salud. Metodologia: Fue realiza-do un ensayo controlado en 74 mujeres anosas, sin activi-dad fisica regular. Un grupo de 37 mujeres recibio dos cla-ses semanales de hidrogimnasia durante 3 meses y otras37 mujeres sirvieron como control. La aptitud fisica eva-luada a traves de la bateria de tests de Rikli & Jones (1999),con evaluaciones de fuerza y resistencia de miembros infe-riores (levantar y sentar la cadera), fuerza y resistencia demiembros superiores (flexion del antebrazo), flexion demiembros inferiores (sentado, alcanzar los miembros infe-riores con las manos), mobilidad fisica – velocidad, agili-dad y equilibrio (levanta, camina 2,44 m y vuelta a sentar-se), flexibilidad de los miembros superiores (alcanzar atrasde las costas con las manos) e resistencia aerobica (cami-nar 6 minutos). La bateria de tests fue aplicada antes delinicio de las clases y al final del programa despues de los3 meses. Los grupos fueron semejantes en relacion a edad,

Physical fitness and elderly health effects of hydrogymnastics

RESUMENAptitud fisica relacionada con la salud de los anosos: in-fluencia de la hidrogimnasiaFundamentos y objetivos: La practica del ejercicio fisi-co, ademas de combatir el sedentarismo, contribuye demanera significativa para el mantenimiento de la aptitudfisica. El objetivo de este estudio fue el verificar el efectode la practica de la hidrogimnasia sobre la aptitud fisicadel anoso asociada a la salud. Metodologia: Fue realiza-do un ensayo controlado en 74 mujeres anosas, sin activi-dad fisica regular. Un grupo de 37 mujeres recibio dos cla-ses semanales de hidrogimnasia durante 3 meses y otras37 mujeres sirvieron como control. La aptitud fisica eva-luada a traves de la bateria de tests de Rikli & Jones (1999),con evaluaciones de fuerza y resistencia de miembros infe-riores (levantar y sentar la cadera), fuerza y resistencia demiembros superiores (flexion del antebrazo), flexion demiembros inferiores (sentado, alcanzar los miembros infe-riores con las manos), mobilidad fisica – velocidad, agili-dad y equilibrio (levanta, camina 2,44 m y vuelta a sentar-se), flexibilidad de los miembros superiores (alcanzar atrasde las costas con las manos) e resistencia aerobica (cami-nar 6 minutos). La bateria de tests fue aplicada antes delinicio de las clases y al final del programa despues de los3 meses. Los grupos fueron semejantes en relacion a edad,

Estimate of propulsive force in front crawl swimming in young athletes.

Background Improvement in swimming performance involves the dynamic alignment of the body in liquid, technical skill, anthropometric characteristics of athletes, and the ability to develop propulsive force. The aim of this study was to assess the relationships between the propulsive force during swimming and arm muscle area (AMA) and propose an equation to estimate the propulsive force in young swimmers by measuring their AMA. Methods Study participants were 28 male swimmers (14 ± 1.28 years) registered in the Brazilian Federation of Aquatic Sports. Their AMA was estimated by anthropometry and skinfold measurement, and the propulsive force of their arm (PFA) was assessed by the tied swimming test. The Durbin-Watson (DW) test was used to verify residual independence between variables (PFA and AMA). A Pearson correlation investigated potential associations between the variables and then a linear regression analysis was established. The Bland-Altman method was used to compare the values found between PFA and propulsive force-estimated (PFE). A paired Student’s t-test was used to analyze the difference in PFE with and without the constant and the coefficient of variation (CV) to estimate the magnitude of a real change between these forces. Results There was a significant positive correlation between the variables AMA and PFA (r = 0.68, P < 0.001). The linear regression showed a value of R2 = 0.470. There were no significant differences when comparing PFA and PFE (95% confidence interval: −8.903 to 9.560 kgf). To verify if there was a correlation between these variables, a new linear regression analysis found a value of R2 = 0.668, which confirms an equivalence between PFA and PFE, as CV showed 4% of magnitude. Conclusion The results of this study suggest the existence of a relationship between levels of PFA and muscle mass, however, this relationship becomes more evident the longer the AMA, which allows the development of an equation to estimate the propulsive force of young swimmers.

Validation of an equation for estimating maximal oxygen consumption of nonexpert adult swimmers

Objective To validate an equation to estimate the maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) of nonexpert adult swimmers. Methods Participants were 22 nonexpert swimmers, male, aged between 18 and 30 years (age: 23.1 ± 3:59 years; body mass: 73.6 ± 7:39 kg; height 176.6 ± 5.53 cm; and body fat percentage: 15.9% ± 4.39%), divided into two subgroups: G1 – eleven swimmers for the VO2max oximetry and modeling of the equation; and G2 – eleven swimmers for application of the equation modeled on G1 and verification of their validation. The test used was the adapted Progressive Swim Test, in which there occurs an increase in the intensity of the swim every two laps. For normality and homogeneity of data, Shapiro-Wilk and Levene tests were used, the descriptive values of the average and standard deviation. The statistical steps were: (1) reliability of the Progressive Swim Test – through the paired t-test, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and the Pearson linear correlation (R) relative to the reproducibility, the coefficient of variation (CV), and standard error measurement (SEM) for the absolute reproducibility; (2) in the model equation to estimate VO2max, a relative VO2 was established, and a stepwise multiple regression model was performed with G1 – so the variables used were analysis of variance regression (AR), coefficient of determination (R2), adjusted coefficient of determination (R2a), standard error of estimate (SEE), and Durbin–Watson (DW); (3) validation of the equation – the results were presented in graphs, where direct (G1) and estimated (G2) VO2max were compared using independent t-test, linear regression (stressing the correlation between groups), and Bland–Altman (the bias agreement of the results). All considered a statistical significance level of P < 0.05. Results On the trustworthiness of the Progressive Swim Test adapted presented as high as observed (R and ICC > 0.80, CV < 10%, and SEM < 2%). In the equation model, VO2max has been considered the third model as recommended due to the values found (AR < 0.01, R = 0795, R2 = 0633; R2a = 0.624, SEE = 7.21, DW = 2.06). Upon validation of the equation, no significant differences occurred between G1 and G2 (P > 0.01), linear regression stressed a correlation between the groups (R > 0.80, P < 0.01), and Bland–Altman plotting of the results was within the correlation limits of 1.96 (95% confidence interval). Conclusion The estimating equation for VO2max for nonexpert swimmers is valid for its application through the Progressive Swim Test, providing to contribute in prescribing the swimming lessons as a method of evaluating the physical condition of its practitioners.

Height and Body Composition Determine Arm Propulsive Force in Youth Swimmers Independent of a Maturation Stage

Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between anthropometric variables, body composition and propulsive force in swimmers aged 9-17 years. Anthropometric characteristics (body height and mass, sitting height, arm span, arm muscle area and body composition) and the propulsive force of the arm (tethered swimming test) were evaluated in 56 competitive male swimmers. Tanner’s stages of genital maturation (P1-5) were used. The data analysis included correlations and multiple linear regression. The propulsive force of the arm was correlated with body height (r = 0.34; p =0.013), arm span (r = 0.29; p =0.042), sitting height (r = 0.36; p =0.009), % body fat (r = 0.33; p =0.016), lean body mass (r = 0.34; p =0.015) and arm muscle area (r = 0.31; p =0.026). Using multiple linear regression models, the percent body fat and height were identified as significant predictors of the propulsive force of the arm after controlling for the maturation stage. This model explained 22% (R2 = 0.22) of associations. In conclusion, the propulsive force of swimmers was related to body height and percent body fat

Reproducibility of an aerobic endurance test for nonexpert swimmers

Background: This study aimed to verify the reproduction of an aerobic test to determine nonexpert swimmers’ resistance. Methods: The sample consisted of 24 male swimmers (age: 22.79 ± 3.90 years; weight: 74.72 ± 11.44 kg; height: 172.58 ± 4.99 cm; and fat percentage: 15.19% ± 3.21%), who swim for 1 hour three times a week. A new instrument was used in this study (a Progressive Swim Test): the swimmer wore an underwater MP3 player and increased their swimming speed on hearing a beep after every 25 meters. Each swimmer’s heart rate was recorded before the test (BHR) and again after the test (AHR). The rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and the number of laps performed (NLP) were also recorded. The sample size was estimated using G*Power software (v 3.0.10; Franz Faul, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany). The descriptive values were expressed as mean and standard deviation. After confirming the normality of the data using both the Shapiro–Wilk and Levene tests, a paired t-test was performed to compare the data. The Pearson’s linear correlation (r) and intraclass coefficient correlation (ICC) tests were used to determine relative reproducibility. The standard error of measurement (SEM) and the coefficient of variation (CV) were used to determine absolute reproducibility. The limits of agreement and the bias of the absolute and relative values between days were determined by Bland–Altman plots. All values had a significance level of P < 0.05. Results: There were significant differences in AHR (P = 0.03) and NLP (P = 0.01) between the 2 days of testing. The obtained values were r > 0.50 and ICC > 0.66. The SEM had a variation of ±2% and the CV was <10%. Most cases were within the upper and lower limits of Bland–Altman plots, suggesting correlation of the results. The applicability of NLP showed greater robustness (r and ICC > 0.90; SEM < 1%; CV < 3%), indicating that the other variables can be used to predict incremental changes in the physiological condition of swimmers. Conclusion: The Progressive Swim Test for nonexpert swimmers produces comparable results for noncompetitive swimmers with a favorable degree of reproducibility, thus presenting possible applications for researching the physiological performance of nonexpert swimmers.

Effects of different exercise intensities on energy expenditure and hunger sensation in young adults doi: 10.5007/1980-0037.2010v12n5p359

O presente estudo objetiva investigar os efeitos agudos e de curto prazo (2 horas) de diferentes intensidades de exercicio aerobio sobre o gasto energetico pos-exercicio, a razao de troca respiratoria (QR) e a sensacao de fome em homens. Participaram do estudo, 20 sujeitos eutroficos (22,41±1,76 kg/m2) e praticantes de exercicio fisico. Todos os sujeitos foram submetidos, aleatoriamente, a quatro condicoes experimentais: controle (sem exercicio); EBI, exercicio de baixa intensidade (40% do VO2pico); EMI, exercicio de moderada intensidade (60% do VO2pico) e EAI, exercicio de alta intensidade (80% do VO2pico). A magnitude do (EPOC - consumo excessivo de oxigenio apos o exercicio) e o comportamento do QR foram mensurados atraves de analise direta de gases. A escala visual analogica foi utilizada para avaliar a sensacao de fome em (basal, imediatamente apos a sessao experimental, aos 30, 60, 90 e 120 minutos de recuperacao passiva). Os resultados demonstraram que o EPOC teve uma correlacao positiva com a intensidade do exercicio (r=0,74, p<0,01), sendo a duracao e a magnitude dependentes da intensidade do exercicio. Entre todas as condicoes experimentais, a sensacao de fome ao termino do exercicio foi maior no EBI (p <0,01). Ao longo do periodo de 120 minutos de recuperacao passiva, a sensacao de fome aumentou independente da condicao experimental. A partir dos resultados, podemos sugerir que apos o EAI a magnitude do EPOC e maior, promovendo maior gasto energetico no pos-exercicio, com um concomitante aumento na utilizacao de gordura (menor QR) e supressao transitoria da sensacao de fome em adultos jovens.

Improving aerobic capacity through active videogames: A randomized controlled trial

La tasa de mejoria mayor volumen de trabajo entre los diferentes tipos de Juegos de Video Activos (VJA) en jovenes adultos sedentarios fue investigado. Mejoras de la capacidad aerobica despues de una intervencion de 6 semanas entre los tipos de AVG tambien se comparo. Veinte participantes, despues de evaluaciones de referencia, fueron aleatorizados en uno de tres grupos paralelos: VJA estructurado (n= 6), VJA no estructurada (n = 7) y un grupo control (n = 7). Los participantes jugaron sus respectivos VJA 3 veces por semana durante 6 semanas (30 minutos-sesion). El grupo control mantuvo sus actividades normales. Trabajo maximo fue mejorado pelo dos VJA despues de cuatro semanas, pero solo el structurado mantuvieron esta mejora en la semana cinco y seis. La capacidad aerobica fue mejorado por tanto la no estructurada (Pre: 36,0 ± 5,2ml.kg.min-¹, Post: 39,7 ± 4,9 ml.kg.min-¹, p = 0,038) y estructurada (Pre: 39,0 ± 5,9ml.kg.min-¹, Post: 47,8 ± 4,3ml.kg.min-¹, p = 0,006). VJA. Estructurado VJA ofrecer mayores beneficios para la salud en la capacidad aerobica y la carga de trabajo maximo en jovenes varones sedentarios pero por lo demas saludables relativas a VJA no estructurada.

Acute intensity and motivation to play: comparison of structured and unstructured active video games - a pilot study

Sedentary lifestyle is a serious health problem in the world and, in the Brazil, 80% of the population presents this behavior with a lower level of physical activity [1]. This behavior is associated with serious health risks and inversely related to physical activity (PA). Low levels of physical activity may develop or aggravate chronic degenerative diseases; however, this PA promotion prevents and treats diseases such as hypertension, obesity, and diabetes. Therefore, PA is important and is conceptualized as any bodily movement with sufficient intensity to elevate the energy expenditure above resting levels [2].

Effect of volume in resistance training on inhibitory control in young adults: a randomized and crossover investigation

Purpose: The aim of the study is to compare the effect of resistance training volume on inhibitory control in young adults with previous experience in resistance training. Method: All the 27 participants underwent 40-week experiment, divided in three training phases of 8-week duration. A washout period of 8 weeks between each of the training phases was carried out. The participants performed 1, 3, or 5 sets of the same exercises with equalized intensity (loading zones) and rest. Inhibitory control was assessed by the Stroop Test. Results: Interaction effect was found for inhibitory control accuracy [F(5,22) = 56.88, p < 0.01] and mean response time [F(5,22) = 83.02, p < 0.01] for 3 sets (p = 0.01; ES = 0.6) and 5 sets (p = 0.01; ES = 0.8) when compared to 1 set. Conclusion: In conclusion, 1 set of resistance training may provide insufficient volume stimulus for positive adaptation in inhibitory control when compared to 3 or 5 sets.