Manuel Cárdenas Castro

Deliberate Rumination and Positive Reappraisal as Serial Mediators Between Life Impact and Posttraumatic Growth in Victims of State Terrorism in Chile (1973-1990)

This study examines the role of coping strategies related to positive reappraisal versus other cognitive strategies (deliberate rumination) as mediators between life impact and posttraumatic growth in survivors of the military dictatorship in Chile between 1973 and 1990 (tortured political prisoners and family members of political prisoners executed and missing). Survey data from 251 political violence survivors were analyzed using the SPSS PROCESS macro for bootstrapping indirect effects (Hayes, 2013). Results indicated that positive reappraisal (or reframing) coping mediated the relationship between life impact and posttraumatic growth. A serial multiple mediation model indicates that in the life impact to growth moderation process, rumination must be followed by positive reappraisal to drive this growth. These findings suggest that positive reappraisal of the traumatic experience is essential to achieve growth reports. Implications of these more complex relations are discussed for both counseling inter...This study examines the role of coping strategies related to positive reappraisal versus other cognitive strategies (deliberate rumination) as mediators between life impact and posttraumatic growth in survivors of the military dictatorship in Chile between 1973 and 1990 (tortured political prisoners and family members of political prisoners executed and missing). Survey data from 251 political violence survivors were analyzed using the SPSS PROCESS macro for bootstrapping indirect effects (Hayes, 2013). Results indicated that positive reappraisal (or reframing) coping mediated the relationship between life impact and posttraumatic growth. A serial multiple mediation model indicates that in the life impact to growth moderation process, rumination must be followed by positive reappraisal to drive this growth. These findings suggest that positive reappraisal of the traumatic experience is essential to achieve growth reports. Implications of these more complex relations are discussed for both counseling interventions and further research.

Spanish Adaptation and Validation of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory-Short Form

The purpose of this article is to adapt and validate the short form of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI-SF) in Spanish. The scale consists of 10 items distributed in 5 posttraumatic growth dimensions measured in the original instrument. The psychometric properties and dimensionality of the scale are examined in a sample of college students (N = 681). Results lend support to the validity and reliability (α = .83) of the PTGI-SF. The dimensions of PTGI-SF show correlations ranging between .29 and .52. In addition, the inventory correlates significantly with deliberate rumination (r = .39) and the search for meaning in life (r = .32). The factor loadings of the items in the confirmatory factor analysis varied between .52 and .87, showing good fit indexes (comparative fit index = .97, Tucker-Lewis index = .93, relative fit index = .90, incremental fit index = .97, normed fit index = .96, and root mean square error of approximation = .05). Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis supported invariance of the PTGI-SF across the 2 groups. Finally, significantly higher PTGI-SF scores were observed in subjects who were actively looking for meaning in life, or had found it after a seeking process, than in subjects who had not looked for meaning in life or had given up because they had not been successful.

Situación de inmigración de mujeres sudamericanas en chile: hacia un modelo comprensivo

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar o estado de imigracao de mulheres sul-americanas na regiao de Antofagasta (Chile) e construir um modelo teorico para a analise. Os participantes do estudo foram 19 mulheres entre 18 e 50 anos residentes na cidade de Antofagasta e provenientes do Peru, Bolivia e Colombia. Os resultados sugerem um modelo dinâmico, que enfatiza a identidade social e de genero das mulheres imigrantes a procura de coerencia em seus habitats. Notamos, na interacao com a sociedade de acolhimento, a imposicao de novas categorias sociais em troca de integracao baseada na assimilacao. No entanto, tambem existem formas de resistencia a este processo.The objective of this research was to know the immigration situation of South American women in the region of Antofagasta (Chile) and build a theoretical model for analysis. The study participants were 19 women between 18 and 50 years old, living in the Antofagasta city and from Peru, Bolivia and Colombia. The main findings suggested a dynamic model, which stresses the social and gender identity of women immigrants to the search for coherence in their life spaces. Furthermore, we noted in the interaction with the host society, the imposition of new social categories in exchange for assimilation and integration supported by uprooting. However, we also perceived in different dimensions, spaces of resistance to the rules of the host.

Estructura factorial de la escala de soporte social subjetivo: validación en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios chilenos

The purpose of this paper is to adapt and validate the Subjective Social Support Scale (Vaux et al, 1986) and to describe its factor structure. The scale consists of 10 items distributed in two dimensions measured in the original instrument: family support and support from friends. The psychometric properties and dimensionality of the scale are examined in a sample of Chilean college students (N = 681). Results show that the scale is a reliable instrument (α = .86) and valid for measuring subjective social support. Its two dimensions show a moderate and significant correlation (r = .41; p < .001). The factor loadings of the items in the confirmatory factor analysis varied between .40 and .93, showing good fit indices for the correlated first order two factor model (CFI = .97, TLI = .93, RFI = .97, IFI = .97, NFI = .96 and RSMEA = .08).

ESTRUTURA FATORIAL DA ESCALA DE SUPORTE SOCIAL SUBJETIVO: VALIDAÇÃO EM UMA MOSTRA DE ESTUDANTES UNIVERSITÁRIOS CHILENOS

The purpose of this paper is to adapt and validate the Subjective Social Support Scale (Vaux et al, 1986) and to describe its factor structure. The scale consists of 10 items distributed in two dimensions measured in the original instrument: family support and support from friends. The psychometric properties and dimensionality of the scale are examined in a sample of Chilean college students (N = 681). Results show that the scale is a reliable instrument (α = .86) and valid for measuring subjective social support. Its two dimensions show a moderate and significant correlation (r = .41; p < .001). The factor loadings of the items in the confirmatory factor analysis varied between .40 and .93, showing good fit indices for the correlated first order two factor model (CFI = .97, TLI = .93, RFI = .97, IFI = .97, NFI = .96 and RSMEA = .08).

FACTOR STRUCTURE OF THE SUBJECTIVE SOCIAL SUPPORT SCALE: VALIDATION WITH A SAMPLE OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN CHILE

The purpose of this paper is to adapt and validate the Subjective Social Support Scale (Vaux et al, 1986) and to describe its factor structure. The scale consists of 10 items distributed in two dimensions measured in the original instrument: family support and support from friends. The psychometric properties and dimensionality of the scale are examined in a sample of Chilean college students (N = 681). Results show that the scale is a reliable instrument (α = .86) and valid for measuring subjective social support. Its two dimensions show a moderate and significant correlation (r = .41; p < .001). The factor loadings of the items in the confirmatory factor analysis varied between .40 and .93, showing good fit indices for the correlated first order two factor model (CFI = .97, TLI = .93, RFI = .97, IFI = .97, NFI = .96 and RSMEA = .08).

Immigration situation of south american women in Chile: toward a comprehensive model

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar o estado de imigracao de mulheres sul-americanas na regiao de Antofagasta (Chile) e construir um modelo teorico para a analise. Os participantes do estudo foram 19 mulheres entre 18 e 50 anos residentes na cidade de Antofagasta e provenientes do Peru, Bolivia e Colombia. Os resultados sugerem um modelo dinâmico, que enfatiza a identidade social e de genero das mulheres imigrantes a procura de coerencia em seus habitats. Notamos, na interacao com a sociedade de acolhimento, a imposicao de novas categorias sociais em troca de integracao baseada na assimilacao. No entanto, tambem existem formas de resistencia a este processo.The objective of this research was to know the immigration situation of South American women in the region of Antofagasta (Chile) and build a theoretical model for analysis. The study participants were 19 women between 18 and 50 years old, living in the Antofagasta city and from Peru, Bolivia and Colombia. The main findings suggested a dynamic model, which stresses the social and gender identity of women immigrants to the search for coherence in their life spaces. Furthermore, we noted in the interaction with the host society, the imposition of new social categories in exchange for assimilation and integration supported by uprooting. However, we also perceived in different dimensions, spaces of resistance to the rules of the host.

Estado de imigração de mulheres da américa do sul no Chile: rumo a um modelo abrangente

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar o estado de imigracao de mulheres sul-americanas na regiao de Antofagasta (Chile) e construir um modelo teorico para a analise. Os participantes do estudo foram 19 mulheres entre 18 e 50 anos residentes na cidade de Antofagasta e provenientes do Peru, Bolivia e Colombia. Os resultados sugerem um modelo dinâmico, que enfatiza a identidade social e de genero das mulheres imigrantes a procura de coerencia em seus habitats. Notamos, na interacao com a sociedade de acolhimento, a imposicao de novas categorias sociais em troca de integracao baseada na assimilacao. No entanto, tambem existem formas de resistencia a este processo.The objective of this research was to know the immigration situation of South American women in the region of Antofagasta (Chile) and build a theoretical model for analysis. The study participants were 19 women between 18 and 50 years old, living in the Antofagasta city and from Peru, Bolivia and Colombia. The main findings suggested a dynamic model, which stresses the social and gender identity of women immigrants to the search for coherence in their life spaces. Furthermore, we noted in the interaction with the host society, the imposition of new social categories in exchange for assimilation and integration supported by uprooting. However, we also perceived in different dimensions, spaces of resistance to the rules of the host.