Marc L. Miller

POWER AND TOURISM A Foucauldian Observation

Abstract Tourism outcomes are often regarded as driven by the tourist. The influence of tourism on society is often anticipated to be negative. This conceptual paper extends the power vocabulary of Michel Foucault to challenge the exclusivity of this view. Power is conceptualized as omnipresent in a tripartite system of tourists, locals, and brokers. The Foucauldian framework reveals that the tourist—like the madman and the incarcerated criminal—is frequently vulnerable to the composite gaze of others. Further, the framework shows that productive power generates touristic knowledge. This orientation to touristic power recommends increased analytical attention to the role of brokers prominent in tourism development.

Coastal zone tourism: A potent force affecting environment and society

As experiences in the popular parts of the Mediterranean, the Caribbean, and the Pacific have shown, coastal and marine tourism have tremendous potential to transform the natural environment and society quickly and permanently. At a time of renewed concern for marine environmental policy issues such as habitat and endangered species protection, resource conservation, and water quality, travel and tourism have emerged as the world’s largest business. However, tourism has been only lightly treated in marine affairs literature. This article focuses on the opportunities and problems inherent in coastal zone tourism development. Major sections address ecological and social impacts of tourism, patterns of travel, and the instltutional framework for tourism management and planning. The article concludes with remarks on the 1990 ‘Congress on coastal and marine tourism’ held in Honolulu.

The rise of coastal and marine tourism

Abstract Marine tourism has surfaced as a pressing topic in the field of ocean and coastal management. Neither necessarily good, nor bad, this tourism is inherently controversial. Today, demand for travel exhibits greater variation and magnitude than ever in history. In response, the tourism industry has become the largest business on earth. This, coupled with the respect people profess for marine environments and local peoples, creates feelings of ambivalence for the tourist. Sociologically, the activity of tourism may be studied as a symbolic interaction fostering social solidarity. Ecotourism, a recent phenomenon attuned to the ideal of sustainable development, is suggested to emerge through the social construction processes of restoration and enhancement. The papers in this theme volume add fuel to the proposition that the resolution of tourism problems in the coastal zone will require the scientific study of environmental and social conditions, policy analyses, planning, and public education.

the Challenge of managing nearshore rocky reef resources

nearshore temperate reefs are highly diverse and productive habitats that provide structure and shelter for a wide variety of fishes and invertebrates. Recreational and commercial fisheries depend on nearshore reefs, which also provide opportunities for non-extractive recreational activities such as diving. many inhabitants of nearshore temperate reefs on the west coast of north America have very limited home ranges as adults, and recent genetic evidence indicates that the dispersion of the larval stages is often restricted to tens of kilometers. management of temperate reef resources must be organized on very small spatial scales in order to be effective, offering unique technical challenges in terms of assessment and monitoring. new enabling legislation could assist in specifying mandates and adjusting institutional design to allow stakeholders and concerned citizens to formulate management policies at local levels, and to aid in implementing and enforcing these policies.

Cultural Consensus Analysis and Environmental Anthropology: Yellowfin Tuna Fishery Management in Hawaii

Natural resource policies in the United States are implemented with a social technology of objectivity. Accordingly, resource managers rely on scientific and quantitative analyses to satisfy constituencies distrustful of regulatory authorities. Cultural consensus analysis is a powerful method for determining whether knowledge domains are structured in ways that support a conclusion that cultural members recognize certain cultural truths not known before-hand to the investigator. The authors compare hand-line fishermen and fishery scientists in Hawaii regarding their knowledge about stock structure, fish movements, resource abundance, stock condition, and fishery interactions. Yellow fin tuna fishery results show that fishermen and scientists exhibit an overall consensus about ecological knowledge, although they disagree in some areas. Some practical advantages of consensus analysis are discussed along with the possibilities for growth in the fishery social science sector, cross-cultural applied research, and the practice of environmental anthropology.

The value of recreational surfing to society.

This article comments briefly on the origins of surfing and its growth through the 20th century, discusses the growth of participation in surfing, and then uses a range of social science techniques including observed market expenditure and nonmarket valuation to describe the socioeconomic value of surfing at various locations. The findings demonstrate the significant economic, social, and cultural importance of surfing amenity, the need to clearly articulate and measure changes in recreational amenity, and the need to consider any negative impacts on surf breaks and the natural environment that may occur as a result of development, coastal planning, and protection works.

Ecotourism, landscape architecture and urban planning

Abstract Two intersecting trends of the times—the growth of the

Marine environmental ethics

2.75 trillion world tourism industry and the growth of environmentalism as reflected in the high level of international participation at the 1992 Earth Summit—focus attention on the ideals of sustainable development and ecotourism and create a new niche for landscape architecture and urban planning. These overlapping fields have long attended to problems of conflicting values, aesthetics, recreation, and leisure. Many of the activities and products traditionally associated with design and planning are appropriate to tourism projects. Guidelines for enhancing this framework to treat directly the special problems of ecotourism include early investigation of sociological and ecological features, involvement of broker and local populations in the planning process, and extrasensitivity to issues of site selection, design, scale, and monitoring. In responding to the ecotourism challenge, landscape architects and urban planners will need to hone their abilities to work with multidisciplinary teams and to converse productively about preservation and development ethics.

Bombing and burning: The social organization and values of hip hop graffiti writers and implications for policy∗

Abstract A great many policy problems in the realm of ocean and shoreline management concern the impacts of human activites on marine life and ecosystems. Debate over the trade-offs among such objectives as economic development and environmental protection reveals fundamental differences of values. This paper distinguishes tribal, development, compassionate, and holothetic ethics according to the pattern by which advocates of each ethic ascribe potency to humankind and nature. The typology of environmental ethics presented in this paper should prove helpful in the identification of basic, though perhaps irreconcilable, philosophical differences among those who shape the future of marine affairs.

Vertical Zoning in Marine Protected Areas: Ecological Considerations for Balancing Pelagic Fishing with Conservation of Benthic Communities

Almost twenty years ago, a stylistic kind of graffiti originated in New York City and has since spread to many major cities in the United States, Canada, and other industrialized nations. This type of graffiti, known as “Hip Hop” graffiti (HHG) outside of New York City, accounts for a large share of graffiti in U.S. urban areas. It is found on buses, subways, trains, buildings, bridges, and innumerable other surfaces and ranges from signature “tags,” typically written with ink marker or spray paint, to elaborate, polychrome spray‐painted murals. This article, based on ethnographic research conducted in Seattle, first introduces the types of HHG and the social characteristics of writers, and then focuses on writers’ social organization and values—the two key elements to understanding the proliferation of this graffiti. The paper concludes with several observations on social policies designed to curtail the production of graffiti.