Richard P. Gale

Conservation: An Upper-middle Class Social Movement

Membership in the conservation movement appears to be composed largely of upper-middle class occupations, especially professional occupations. In addition, it is primarily an urban-based movement t...

Social Movements and the State The Environmental Movement, Countermovement, and Government Agencies

This article modifies resource mobilization theory to emphasize interaction among social movements, countermovements, and government agencies. The framework developed for tracing social movement-state relationships gives special attention to movement and countermovement agency alignments. There are six stages of movement-state relationships illustrated with an analysis of the contemporary environmental movement.

Gentrification of America's coasts: Impacts of the growth machine on commercial fishermen

Abstract Although management and allocation of marine resources will have a major impact on the future of fishermen in Americas coastal communities, it is also true that the future of commercial fishing as an occupation may also depend on what happens in the resource‐dependent communities where commercial fishermen live. This article presents a framework for analyzing the impacts of change in Americas coastal communities on commercial fishermen. Two key concepts, gentrification and the “growth machine,”; are summarized and applied to nonmetropolitan coastal communities. Possible projects and policies and their impacts on coastal communities and commercial fishermen are examined. A general conclusion is that many coastal communities, particularly those experiencing rapid recreation‐related development, will have to take explicit steps to protect the land‐dependent portion of their commercial fishing fleet.

Resource Miracles and Rising Expectations: A Challenge to Fishery Managers

Abstract A theory of political revolution is used to examine change in public expectations that result when a degraded natural resource is transformed by resource managers into a viable, accessible asset. The theory states that political unrest directed at the government erupts not when conditions are at their worst, but when conditions that have started to improve do not improve rapidly enough to coincide with rising public expectations. The paper suggests that resource miracles—dramatic resource changes—may eventually lead to constituency revolutions unless managers carefully observe impacts of their activities on public expectations. The paper is illustrated by the rapid development of a salmon fishery in the Great Lakes.

Professional and Public Natural Resource Management Arenas: Forests and Marine Fisheries

Modern natural resource management systems are defined by the interplay of natural resources, profit-seeking resource industries, management bureaucracies, and diverse publics. Focusing on the bureaucratic element, this article presents a comparative analysis of the federal management of forests and marine fisheries. Forest policy involves the U.S. Forest Service and occurs in a professional management arena; fishery policy involves the National Marine Fisheries Service and affiliated Regional Fishery Management Councils, and is conducted in a public management arena. The two arenas differ in their organization of power, knowledge, and communication. This model is briefly extended to other natural resource management systems.

Is There a Fisheries Management Revolution in Your Future

Abstract This paper focuses on fisheries management conflicts, which because of their unpredictability, rapid change, disorderliness, and challenges to both scientific expertise and professional autonomy, have a “revolutionary” quality to them. It assumes that perceptive fisheries managers can monitor and react to changes that may push issues toward these revolutionary paths. This paper first outlines four characteristics of fisheries management issues; these characteristics are then used to identify five types of fisheries management revolution, each of which is illustrated with examples from the literature.

Professional Styles of Federal Forest and Marine Fisheries Resource Managers

Abstract We discuss changes in the professional styles of federal forest and marine fisheries resource managers. The first section introduces shared characteristics of resource management in the U.S. Forest Service and the National Marine Fisheries Service settings. A second section defines four generic professional styles of line managers—the forstmeister, the specialist, the politician, and the executive. A third section discusses the sequences in which the first three of the professional styles have been historically prominent in forest and fisheries resource management. A fourth section contrasts the contemporary niches of executives in both systems. A final section speculates on the viability of the four professional styles in the near future.

Fisherman, Would You Rather Be a Logger?: Federal Resource Regulation in the Pacific Northwest

Abstract The livelihood of fishermen depends heavily upon the efficacy of management practices that govern the resource. U.S. Forest Service natural resource management policies, which have developed over the past 70 years, might be usefully applied to marine fisheries management, despite obvious differences in the resources. Characteristics that are common to both resources, such as the prevalence of federal regulatory legislation, federal management agencies, parallel management concepts, resource-dependent communities, and foreign competition, outweigh these differences and reveal similar management problems for both resources. Three forestry policy areas that may contain promising concepts for marine fisheries management are (1) small business set-asides, (2) sustained-yield communities, and (3) worker-owned processing facilities. He also suggests some of the impacts of management upon the loggers and fishermen who must live with regulatory decisions.

Industrial Development and the Blue-Collar Worker in Argentina

outside of it, except for a possible once-in-a-lifetime visit to Italy or Spain. He began neither his life nor his work career in a rural area. Born of immigrants who settled in one of three major urban centers-Buenos Aires, Rosario, or Cordoba-he is likely to be a second generation industrial worker. He has completed six years of primario schooling and perhaps has finished the first segment of high school. A look at his occupational history would reveal some sector mobility; upon entering the labor market in his early teens, he may have sporadically held unskilled occupations in the service sector as a waiter, a helper on a truck, a clerk or attendant in a store. But, with luck, employment in a small automobile or machine repair shop or taller may have provided a first acquaintance with some of the tools of industrial employment. This experience may have helped him obtain his present position in one of the many factories producing for Argentina’s consumer economy. Politically, the Argentine blue-collar worker is an &dquo;h~o de Peron,&dquo; brought into national political participation during the decade of Peron’s rule which ended in 1955. He may still await &dquo;el retourno,&dquo; or the actual return of Peron to Argentina from his highly publicized exile in Madrid. The Argentine workers’ political involvement remains fired by the heavy politicization of the labor movement. But, in 1969, he lives under the military regime which overthrew a weak elected

Bureaucracy, Pluralism, and Governmental Conflict@@@The Environmental Protection Agency: Asking the Wrong Questions.@@@Public Lands Conflict and Resolution: Managing National Forest Disputes.

1 Conflict and the Public Lands.- 2 The Historical Context of Contemporary Forest Management.- 3 The Process of Making National Forest Management Decisions.- 4 The Politics of National Forest Management.- 5 Why the Paradigm Fails.- 6 Why the Problem Persists.- 7 The Opportunity of National Forest Planning.- 8 The Importance of Process in Resolving National Forest Management Disputes.- 9 Resolving National Forest Management Disputes: An Experimental Process.- References.