Marc Le Menestrel

Rules or Consequences? The Role of Ethical Mind-Sets in Moral Dynamics

Recent research on the dynamics of moral behavior has documented two contrasting phenomena—moral consistency and moral balancing. Moral balancing refers to the phenomenon whereby behaving ethically or unethically decreases the likelihood of engaging in the same type of behavior again later. Moral consistency describes the opposite pattern—engaging in ethical or unethical behavior increases the likelihood of engaging in the same type of behavior later on. The three studies reported here supported the hypothesis that individuals’ ethical mind-set (i.e., outcome-based vs. rule-based) moderates the impact of an initial ethical or unethical act on the likelihood of behaving ethically on a subsequent occasion. More specifically, an outcome-based mind-set facilitated moral balancing, and a rule-based mind-set facilitated moral consistency.

A process approach to the utility for gambling

This paper argues that any specific utility or disutility for gambling must be excluded from expected utility because such a theory is consequential while a pleasure or displeasure for gambling is a matter of process, not of consequences. A (dis)utility for gambling is modeled as a process utility which monotonically combines with expected utility restricted to consequences. This allows for a process (dis)utility for gambling to be revealed. As an illustration, the model shows how empirical observations in the Allais paradox can reveal a process disutility of gambling. A more general model of rational behavior combining processes and consequences is then proposed and discussed.This paper argues that any specific utility or disutility for gambling must be excluded from expected utility because such a theory is consequential while a pleasure or displeasure for gambling is a matter of process, not of consequences. A (dis)utility for gambling is modeled as a process utility which monotonically combines with expected utility restricted to consequences. This allows for a process (dis)utility for gambling to be revealed. As an illustration, the model shows how empirical observations in the Allais paradox can reveal a process disutility of gambling. A more general model of rational behavior combining processes and consequences is then proposed and discussed.

Internet e-ethics in confrontation with an activists' agenda: Yahoo! on trial

A prolonged confrontation between Yahoo! Inc. and French activists who demand the removal of Nazi items from auction sites as well as restricted access to neo-Nazis sites is described and analyzed. We present the case up to the decision of Yahoo! Inc. to remove the items from yahoo.com following a French courts verdict against the firm. Using a business ethics approach, we distinguish legal, technical, philosophical and managerial issues involved in the case and their management by Yahoo! We conclude on the difficulty of governing relations with society from corporate and legal affairs departments at the headquarters level, and on the clash of two visions over the regulation of social freedom.

The Domain and Interpretation of Utility Functions: An Exploration

This paper proposes an exploration of the methodology of utility functions that distinguishes interpretation from representation. While representation univocally assigns numbers to the entities of the domain of utility functions, interpretation relates these entities with empirically observable objects of choice. This allows us to make explicit the standard interpretation of utility functions which assumes that two objects have the same utility if and only if the individual is indifferent among them. We explore the underlying assumptions of such an hypothesis and propose a non-standard interpretation according to which objects of choice have a well-defined utility although individuals may vary in the way they treat these objects in a specific context. We provide examples of such a methodological approach that may explain some reversal of preferences and suggest possible mathematical formulations for further research.This paper proposes an exploration of the methodology of utility functions that distinguishes interpretation from representation. While representation univocally assigns numbers to the entities of the domain of utility functions, interpretation relates these entities with empirically observable objects of choice. This allows us to make explicit the standard interpretation of utility functions which assumes that two objects have the same utility if and only if the individual is indifferent among them. We explore the underlying assumptions of such an hypothesis and propose a non-standard interpretation according to which objects of choice have a well-defined utility although individuals may vary in the way they treat these objects in a specific context. We provide examples of such a methodological approach that may explain some reversal of preferences and suggest possible mathematical formulations for further research.

Integrating Ethical Issues in Business Decisions: A Case Study on Evaluating the Biodiversity Impacts of a Large-Scale Hydropower Project

We study how the main business actor in the Inambari hydropower project in Peru (EGASUR) treats the biodiversity impacts of its planned operations. Selecting the choice of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) as the crucial decision, we complement an analysis of expected business interests with an ethical analysis. The analyses reveal that following prima facie business interests would lead to a “minimalist” EIA, which raises ethical issues both from a consequentialist and a deontological perspective. Based on observations from Peru, we find indicators that ethical issues may indeed have been neglected or denied by EGASUR and that a failure to anticipate and appropriately deal with possibly unethical aspects is underlying some of the increased opposition against the project. We argue that anticipatory ethical analysis can help companies make more sustainable business decisions.

Ethical Crisis on the Internet: the Case of Licra vs. Yahoo!

In the early spring of 2000, a Paris-based anti-hate activist and member of the International League Against Racism and Anti-Semitism (LICRA) launched a media and judicial attack on the business practices of Yahoo! Inc. and its subsidiary, Yahoo! France. The specific issue in question was the right of Yahoo! Inc., a U.S. corporation, to allow visitors to its American auction sites, including the French, to buy and sell Nazi items. In France, unlike the U.S., commerce in such items is illegal; the activist contended that allowing allowing the French access to it, via the Internet, should likewise be considered a violation of French law.

Additive Utility with Intransitive Indifference and without Independence: A Homogeneous Case

In the homogeneous case of one type of goods or objects, we prove the existence of an additive utility function without assuming transitivity of indifference and independence. The representation reveals a positive factor smaller than 1 that infuences rational choice beyond the utility function and explains departures from these standard axioms of utility theory (factor equals to 1).