Marcelino Carneiro Guedes

Propriedades químicas do solo e nutrição do eucalipto em função da aplicação de lodo de esgoto

Sewage sludge application in forest plantations is one of the alternatives to solve the problematic final disposal of this residue. This research aimed at evaluating whether biosolids application improves soil fertility and the nutritional status of Eucalyptus grandis seedlings. The trial was installed in 20 cm diameter PVC columns with nine treatments (control, mineral fertilizer and increasing biosolid rates from 10 to 160 t ha-1) in four replications. The experiment lasted 12 months after planting the seedlings. Biosolids had a greater influence on soil acidity than on the other soil chemical properties. N, P and S leaf concentrations were correlated with CEC and soil organic C content. These variables presented significantly higher values at doses of 80 and 160 t ha-1. It was observed that soil organic matter decreased at biosolid doses from 10 to 40 t ha-1. Alkaline biosolids reduced the soil acidity and improved soil fertility, increasing the availability of most nutrients.

Reciclagem de lodo de esgoto em plantação de eucalipto: carbono e nitrogênio

O objetivo geral do trabalho desenvolvido foi avaliar como o lodo de esgoto (biossólido) altera os estoques de C e N em plantação de eucalipto. O estudo foi conduzido com aplicação de doses até 40 t ha de biossólido, em base seca, para cultivo de Eucalyptus grandis. Os eucaliptos que receberam 10 t ha de biossólido apresentaram igual desenvolvimento aos que receberam adubação mineral completa, produzindo, em média, 107,5 t ha de biomassa acima do solo, 63% a mais do que a testemunha. Esses tratamentos apresentaram também maiores valores de conteúdo de C e N na biomassa. O biossólido tratado com cal, aplicado em superfície, apresentou baixas taxas de decomposição e não contribuiu para aumentar os estoques totais de C e N no solo. O efeito do resíduo sobre o desenvolvimento das árvores é mais importante para fornecer entradas de material orgânico no sistema do que sua própria aplicação.

Carbon recovery dynamics following disturbance by selective logging in Amazonian forests

When 2 Mha of Amazonian forests are disturbed by selective logging each year, more than 90 Tg of carbon (C) is emitted to the atmosphere. Emissions are then counterbalanced by forest regrowth. With an original modelling approach, calibrated on a network of 133 permanent forest plots (175 ha total) across Amazonia, we link regional differences in climate, soil and initial biomass with survivors’ and recruits’ C fluxes to provide Amazon-wide predictions of post-logging C recovery. We show that net aboveground C recovery over 10 years is higher in the Guiana Shield and in the west (21 ±3 Mg C ha-1) than in the south (12 ±3 Mg C ha-1) where environmental stress is high (low rainfall, high seasonality). We highlight the key role of survivors in the forest regrowth and elaborate a comprehensive map of post-disturbance C recovery potential in Amazonia. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.21394.001

Artisanal Extraction and Traditional Knowledge Associated with Medicinal Use of Crabwood Oil (Carapa guianensis Aublet.) in a Peri-Urban Várzea Environment in the Amazon Estuary

Várzea forests of the Amazon estuary contain species of importance to riverine communities. For example, the oil extracted from the seeds of crabwood trees is traditionally used to combat various illnesses and as such artisanal extraction processes have been maintained. The objectives of this study were to (1) describe the process involved in artisanal extraction of crabwood oil in the Fazendinha Protected Area, in the state of Amapá; (2) characterise the processes of knowledge transfer associated with the extraction and use of crabwood oil within a peri-urban riverine community; and (3) discern medicinal uses of the oil. The data were obtained using semistructured interviews with 13 community members involved in crabwood oil extraction and via direct observation. The process of oil extraction is divided into four stages: seed collection; cooking and resting of the seeds; shelling of the seeds and dough preparation; and oil collection. Oil extraction is carried out within the home for personal use, with surplus marketed within the community. More than 90% of the members of the community involved in extraction of crabwood oil highlighted the use of the oil to combat inflammation of the throat. Knowledge transfer occurs via oral transmission and through direct observation.

REGISTRO DA OCORRÊNCIA DE Hypsipyla ferrealis e Hypsipyla grandella (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) EM FRUTOS DE ANDIROBEIRAS ( Carapa guianensis, MELIACEAE) EM MACAPÁ – AP, BRASIL

The crabwood tree ( Carapa guianensis Aubl .) is a forest species of great importance for the Amazon people. In Brazil , it is frequently found in floodplain forests throughout the Amazon basin , but it can also be found in terra firme forest. It is a tree of multiple uses with great potential for forest management , because it presents high density and aggregate distribution . Its wood is of high commercial value , as well as the oil extracted from its seeds , which is widely targeted by the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries . However , much of the potential of the oil production can be lost by damages to the seeds , especially those caused by insects. Among them, the moths are prominent : Hypsipyla ferrealis and Hypsipyla grandella . Our objective was to identify the species of Lepidoptera occurring in fruits of crabwood trees in a floodplain forest in Macapa , State of Amapa. The study was conducted in the Fazendinha Protected Area, where all the adult and productive crabwood trees were inventoried. We collected 67 fruits directly from the canopy of five crabwood trees, using rappel techniques and/or spurs. After assessing the biometric variables of fruits and seeds, we isolated healthy seeds from damaged seeds. The latter were sent to the Laboratory of Entomology Embrapa Amapa , following they were placed in plastic trays covered with voil and daily monitored until the emergence of adult insects. All adults were mounted, deposited in an entomological box and properly identified. Two fruits collected at 35 m height were infested. We obtained 21 pupae, emerging 18 adults: Hypsipyla ferrealis (11 specimens) and Hypsipyla grandella (7 specimens).

Preparation of a Nanoemulsion with Carapa guianensis Aublet (Meliaceae) Oil by a Low-Energy/Solvent-Free Method and Evaluation of Its Preliminary Residual Larvicidal Activity

Andiroba (Carapa guianensis) seeds are the source of an oil with a wide range of biological activities and ethnopharmacological uses. However, few studies have devoted attention to innovative formulations, including nanoemulsions. The present study aimed to obtain a colloidal system with the andiroba oil using a low-energy and organic-solvent-free method. Moreover, the preliminary residual larvicidal activity of the nanoemulsion against Aedes aegypti was evaluated. Oleic and palmitic acids were the major fatty acids, in addition to the phytosterol β-sitosterol and limonoids (tetranortriterpenoids). The required hydrophile-lipophile was around 11.0 and the optimal nanoemulsion was obtained using polysorbate 85. The particle size distribution suggested the presence of small droplets (mean diameter around 150 nm) and low polydispersity index (around 0.150). The effect of temperature on particle size distribution revealed that no major droplet size increase occurred. The preliminary residual larvicidal assay suggested that the mortality increased as a function of time. The present study allowed achievement of a potential bioactive oil in water nanoemulsion that may be a promising controlled release system. Moreover, the ecofriendly approach involved in the preparation associated with the great bioactive potential of C. guianensis makes this nanoemulsion very promising for valorization of this Amazon raw material.

Níveis de regeneração natural em floresta de terra firme no Amapá Brasil

This study aimed to identify natural regeneration in dense ombrophilous phytophysiognomy of the State Forest of Amapa, describing relations between vertical stratums. The study area is located in Porto Grande/AP, eastern Amazon. Three conglomerates were implanted, equidistant at 2.500 m, for natural regeneration estimative. We used 100 plots of 10 x 10 m for study of saplings (5.0 < DBH (diameter at 1.30 m soil) < 10.0 cm) and sticks (5 x 5 m) (2.5 < DBH <5.0 cm) in each conclomerate. We collected the heights and popular names. The heights were divided into three classes of regeneration to estimate phytosociological parameters of frequency and density, as well as regeneration by size class and overall. Diversity was estimated by Shannon Index. Floristic similarity between sticks and saplings was also analyzed. The inventory included 2,700 individuals belonging to 38 botanical families, 93 genera and 141 species of trees, with 6 undetermined. The Shannon index was 4.21 (saplings) and 4.11 nats.ind.-1 (sticks). It has been found the occurrence of 33 common species in three classes of regeneration. The total natural regeneration varied from 10.3 to 0.1% (sticks) and 5.6 to 0.1% (saplings). The species with the lowest percentages were Indeterminate, Vouacapoua americana, Carapa guianensis, Virola calophylla and Manilkara huberi. Thus, it is evident that species are developing their successional process efficiently, ensuring conservation of phytophysiognomy in the region.

Saberes tradicionais em uma unidade de conservação localizada em ambiente periurbano de várzea: etnobiologia da andirobeira (Carapa guianensis Aublet)

The interactions between traditional communities with the forest and urban populations threaten the maintenance of traditional knowledge associated with the natural resources use. From this premise, this article identifies the local ecological knowledge (LEK) on andirobeiras (Carapa guianensis Aublet), the products derived from the species use, the knowledge on the andiroba oil extraction, and the preservation of this habit in the Environmental Protection Area (EPA) of Fazendinha, Amapa state, Brazil. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 84 residents and three focal groups. According to the results, 76% of the residents have LEK about the species, the oil extraction from seeds and its timber production as its main uses; 64% know the oil extraction process; and 30% declared to keep it as a habit. The youngest are familiar with the andiroba oil, but most of them did not experience the entire extraction process. The survey found a trend towards loss of LEK on andirobeiras and its oil extraction process across generations, as a consequence of urbanization and the limited use of this product due to the lack of information among residents about their rights on the use forest resources in the EPA.

Measurement errors in forest inventories and comparison of biomass estimation methods

Accurate quantification of above-ground biomass (AGB) in managed forests requires: consideration of inventory errors and the use of local or large-scale allometric models. In this study we focus on the measurement errors, data collection errors and we compared different methods to estimate AGB in managed tropical forest. The data were collected in 15 plots of 100 x 100 m. We evaluated the errors of the forest inventory of 8.898 trees. We used four methods to estimate AGB: three methods which use a pan-tropical equation, which depends on wood density data, with different ways of integrating the wood density data (obtained from dataset of the Brazilian Forest Service, Jari and Global Wood Density Database - GWDD); and one local equation. The main inventory errors were: problems with the same tree being identified as a different tree in consecutive measurements (16% of the trees). AGB estimates using each of the four methods were significantly different.

Litter production in a natural stand of Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.).

This research estimated litter production and analyzed its relation to environmental variables such as maximum temperature, insolation, and rainfall. The study was conducted on a 300 × 300 m experiment as part of the project titled mapping of native Brazil nut stands and socio-environmental and economic characterization of Brazil nut production systems (MapCast), in the Tapajos National Forest (FLONA Tapajos). Every 30 days for one full year (August 2015 to July 2016), litterfall was collected and stored in a laboratory. After drying, the material was separated into leaves, wood, flowers and fruits, and miscellaneous and weighed. Statistical tests conducted were Shapiro-Wilk (5%), Principal coordinate analysis, t-test, Pearson’s linear correlation, cross-correlation, and canonical redundancy analysis. Rainfall and temperature data were inferior and superior, respectively, to normal climate conditions in the region, and data for solar insolation had an abnormal pattern compared to normal climate conditions. Leaf production varied between 169.9 and 965.6 kg ha-1 month-1, and that of wood between 26.7 and 501.3 kg ha-1 month-1, while that for flowers and fruit varied from 0.6 to 19.6 kg ha-1 month-1. The greatest leaf production was measured during the months with the lowest amount of rainfall and highest temperatures, and variation in leaf production and total litterfall was partially explained by temperature and insolation. Key words: Litter, Bertholletia excelsa, Amazon, El Nino, FLONA Tapajos.