Marcelo Gonçalves Balan

Sentidos de aplicação e pontas de pulverização no percentual de cobertura em alvos artificiais, para diferentes situações de orientação de alvo e vento

Several factors influence the efficiency of the application: weather, equipment, chemical products, target and moment of application. Another aspect is the uniformity of the spray in different leave surfaces, because it influences in the absorption, translocation and control of the biological agents by contact products. The aim of this paper was to study the effect of different spray directions and nozzle in the percentage of coverage at artificial target (upper and lower faces) to six different situations about target orientation and wind. The artificial target was cardstock paper. It was realized six different experiments or situations: target orientation, in relation to the soil plan, (horizontal - 0th, inclined - 45th and vertical - 90th) x wind (0 e 10km h-1). For each situation, it was study six applications: three directions (top to bottom, side and bottom to up) x two nozzles (SF 110-02 e LD 110-02). It was evaluated the percentage of coverage in the two faces of the artificial target. Based on this, the experimental design was factorial (spray direction x nozzle x target face) to each situation of target orientation and wind. The results indicate that surfaces opposite to the direction spray receive lower levels of coverage in relation to the surfaces turned to the spray, and that in the surfaces turned to the spray on the inclined (45th) and vertical (90th) orientation the SF 110-02 nozzle promoted higher percentages of coverage, independently of the wind.

Controle da ferrugem da folha do trigo (Puccinia triticina) em diferentes momentos de aplicação de fungicida

The fungicide application is important to the wheat field and its efficacy is related mainly to the biologic timing for the control. The aim of this paper was to study the influence of timing of fungicide application in the damage caused by leaf rust of wheat (P. triticina). A spore trap Siga was installed in the experimental area to assist the prediction of leaf rust before the first symptom. The cultivar used was CD 104 - susceptible to the rust - and the applications were made at 7, 14 and 21 days after the first symptoms of the leaf rust on the plants. It was evaluated in this experiment the area under the disease progress curve, obtained by the disease severity, and the yield (kg/ha) and hectolitre weight (g) indexes of the field. The trap Siga was able to detect spores of leaf rust before the disease symptoms, supporting its identification in the field in the first symptoms. The delay of the fungicide application increased the level of disease severity, reducing significantly the control level and causing considerable damage to the crop yield. It was verified yield losses approximately of 80 kg per day of delay of the application.

Desenvolvimento e produtividade de quinoa semeada em diferentes datas no período safrinha

This work was carried out with the aim of evaluating the development and productivity of the BRS-Piabiru variety of quinoa when sown on different dates during the off-season at Campo Mourao, PR. Six sowing dates were evaluated, namely: March 18, 2008; April 2, 2008; April 17, 2008; May 2, 2008; May 17, 2008; and June 10, 2008. The culture indices evaluated were the number of days to flowering, the number of days to maturity, plant height at maturity, and productivity. The experiment was conducted in a complete-block design with random treatments and four replications. The results indicate that the seeding date had an influence on the number of days to flowering, number of days to maturity, plant height at maturity, and productivity. The greatest plant height, together with the highest productivity for quinoa were obtained on March 18.

Aplicação de fungicidas na soja baseada na detecção de uredósporos de Phakopsora pachyrhizi

In order to establish the adequate timing of fungicide application in the management of Asian soybean rust (ASR), the spraying of epoxiconazol and pyraclostrobin fungicide (EPF) was evaluated based on the detection of Phakopsora pachyrhizi (PP) uredospores in field conditions at the research farm of Faculdade Integrado de Campo Mourao, in the state of Parana, in the crop season of 2009/2010. The experimental design was performed in randomized complete blocks with four replications composed by: 1) EPF application with humidity higher than 80%; 2-5) EPF application 1-2, 6-7, 11-12, and 18-20 days after the first detection of PP spores, respectively; 6) EPF application after the first detection of ASR symptoms; 7) EPF application in the R1 stage. Control was constituted by plants not treated with EPF. There was reduced ASR severity in all treatments. The values of the area under ASR progress curve (AUASRPC), rate of disease progress (r), and maximum severity (Ymax) in control were 520.31, 0.06, and 45.65%, respectively. The lowest values of AUASRPC (39.73), r (0.02), and Ymax (3.91%) were found in treatment 1. Nevertheless, the higher number of EPF spraying was carried out in this treatment with four applications. On the other hand, there were two applications in treatment 4. The lowest yield was recorded in control (2085 kg. ha-1). The highest yield was obtained in treatments 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 7, being higher than 3000 kg/ha. Furthermore, the lowest value of the thousand grain weight was estimated in control. The highest values were estimated in treatments 1, 2, 3, and 6. Therefore, the timing of fungicide application based on the detection of PP uredospores is efficient in the ASR management.