Marcio Antonio Babinski

Celiac artery in New Zealand rabbit: anatomical study of its origin and arrangement for experimental research and surgical practice

Rabbits have been used as an experimental model in many diseases and for the study of toxicology, pharmacology and surgery in many universities. However, some aspects of their macro anatomy need a more detailed description, especially the abdominal and pelvic arterial vascular system, which has a huge variability in distribution and trajectory. Thirty cadaveric adult New Zealand rabbits, 13 male and 17 female, with an average weight and rostrum-sacral length of 2.5 kg and 40cm, respectively, were used. The thoracic aorta was cannulated and the vascular system was filled with stained latex S-65. The celiac artery and its proximal branches were dissected and lengthened in order to evidence origin and proximal ramifications. The celiac artery emerged between the 12th and 13th thoracic vertebra in 11 (36.7%) rabbits; at the level of the 13th thoracic vertebra in 6 (20%) rabbits; between the 13th thoracic vertebra and the 1st lumbar vertebra in 12 (40%) rabbits; and at the level of the 1st lumbar vertebra in only one (3.3%) rabbit. The mean length of the celiac artery was 0.5cm. The celiac artery first branch was the lienal artery, the second branch was the left gastric artery and the hepatic artery arose from the left gastric artery in all the dissected rabbits. No relation was observed between the celiac artery length and the rostrum-sacral length in rabbits. The number of left gastric and lienal artery branches and the distribution of celiac artery origin are not gender dependent.Rabbits have been used as an experimental model in many diseases and for the study of toxicology, pharmacology and surgery in many universities. However, some aspects of their macro anatomy need a more detailed description, especially the abdominal and pelvic arterial vascular system, which has a huge variability in distribution and trajectory. Thirty cadaveric adult New Zealand rabbits, 13 male and 17 female, with an average weight and rostrum-sacral length of 2.5 kg and 40cm, respectively, were used. The thoracic aorta was cannulated and the vascular system was filled with stained latex S-65. The celiac artery and its proximal branches were dissected and lengthened in order to evidence origin and proximal ramifications. The celiac artery emerged between the 12th and 13th thoracic vertebra in 11 (36.7%) rabbits; at the level of the 13th thoracic vertebra in 6 (20%) rabbits; between the 13th thoracic vertebra and the 1st lumbar vertebra in 12 (40%) rabbits; and at the level of the 1st lumbar vertebra in only one (3.3%) rabbit. The mean length of the celiac artery was 0.5cm. The celiac artery first branch was the lienal artery, the second branch was the left gastric artery and the hepatic artery arose from the left gastric artery in all the dissected rabbits. No relation was observed between the celiac artery length and the rostrum-sacral length in rabbits. The number of left gastric and lienal artery branches and the distribution of celiac artery origin are not gender dependent.

High Incidence of Complete Ossification of the Superior Transverse Scapular Ligament in Brazilians and its Clinical Implications

El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar la prevalencia del ligamento escapular transverso superior (LETS) osificado, en huesos secos. 221 escapulas secas (111 derechas y 110 izquierdas) fueron analizadas procedentes de Rio de Janeiro y de Santa Catarina, Brasil. No fueron analizados huesos de ninos o danados. El tratamiento estadistico de los datos fue realizado con el software Graphpad Instat, siendo seleccionado el test Fisher, con un p ≤ 0.05 como significativo. El 30.76% (68/221) de las escapulas presentaron el LETS osificado (p ≤ 0,0001) de ellos, el 52.94% (36/68) correspondian a escaulas derechas y 47.05% (32/68) a escapulas izquierdas. Las 153 escapulas que no presentaron el LETS osificado, se observo en el 19.6% (30/153) de estos huesos. El margen superior que variaba en el plano transversal, incrementaba la angulacion superior y modificaba asi el ancho y la profundidad de la incisura escapular. Esta variacion anatomica la deben tener presente los clinicos debido al sindrome doloroso del hombro, como tambien, los estudiantes que manipulan esta area anatomica

Rare variation in course and affluence of internal iliac vein due to its anatomical and surgical significance

During regular dissection of the retroperitoneal region, three uncommon anatomical variations of the internal iliac veins were found on dissected specimens: in the first case, the internal iliac veins converge forming a common trunk draining into the left external iliac vein. In the other two cases, the internal iliac vein crosses the median plane and flows into the contralateral common iliac vein. These anomalies result from a persistence of the embryonic inferior branch of the cardinal vein and are important to be known for they may be undetected or may not appear in imaging. These data have implications for both pelvic surgeons and anatomists who manipulated this anatomical area.

Triple Right Renal Vein: An Uncommon Variation

Presentamos una variacion anatomica consistente en tres venas renales unilaterales presentes en el rinon derecho de un cadaver de un individuo adulto de sexo masculino. Las tres venas eran de calibre considerable, las cuales tenian cursos independientes hasta la vena cava inferior. No se observo ninguna otra variacion vascular en este individuo. Tanto los clinicos como los academicos deben tener presente esta variacion anatomica cuando se acceda a esta area anatomica

Concentration of elastic system fibers in the corpus cavernosum, corpus spongiosum, and tunica albuginea in the rabbit penis

The corpus cavernosum (CC) extracellular matrix is essential for normal penile erection and is implicated in erectile dysfunction. Although investigations of these issues have used the rabbit CC, organization of its components is not well known to date. We characterized and quantified the volumetric density (Vv) of the elastic system fibers in the corpus spongiosum (CS), CC and tunica albuginea (TA) of the rabbit penis. Adult New Zealand rabbits (n=10) were used. The penile mid-shaft fragments were fixed with 4% phosphate-buffered formalin solution and/or Bouins liquid for 24–48 h, and processed using standard histological techniques. The sections were stained with Weigerts Fucsin–Resorcin with previous oxidation. The elastic system fibers Vv (%) was determined in 25 random fields of each fragment, using the M-42 test grid. The histochemical methods detected elastic system fibers in CS, CC and TA of all animals. The Vv of elastic fibers average was 25.03±2.0% for CC, 32.23±1.41% for CS and 22.38±3.61% for TA. Results for CC and CS were not significantly different. The great amount of elastic fibers distribution beneath the endothelium suggest that these fibers may have an important role in the erection process in rabbits. The present data should therefore provide important information for devising experiments and interpreting results when using the rabbit penis as a model for penile dysfunctions, especially when making comparisons with humans.

Maternal malnutrition during lactation reduces skull growth in weaned rat pups: Experimental and morphometric investigation

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of maternal protein and energy restriction during lactation on the bodyweight and skull dimensions of pups at weaning. At parturition, Wistar rat dams were randomly assigned to the following groups: (i) control group (C), free access to a standard laboratory diet containing 23% protein; (ii) protein-energy-restricted group (PER), free access to an isoenergetic, protein-restricted diet containing 8% protein; and (iii) energy-restricted group (ER), restricted amounts of a standard laboratory diet. The dimensions of excised pup skulls were measured directly using pre-established anatomical points. Morphometrical analysis of the skulls showed that most of the measurements in the ER and PER groups were significantly lower than in the control group, with the greatest reductions occurring in the PER group. These results show that protein and energy restriction during lactation have an important influence on pup skull development.

MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE INFRAORBITAL FORAMEN AND ACESSORIES FORAMINAS IN BRAZILIAN SKULLS

El objetivo del estudio fue establecer morfometricamente la localizacion del agujero infraorbital (FIO) en los planos sagital y transversal del craneo y analizar las variaciones, asi como verificar la simetria con el FIO contralateral. Fueron analizados 210 craneos de individuos adultos. Utilizamos un paquimetro digital para efectuar las dos mediciones: a) sagital: del borde infraorbital hasta el borde superior del FIO; b) transversal: del borde lateral de la abertura piriforme hasta el bordemedial del FIO, utilizando el plano transversal. Estas mediciones forman un angulo de 90 entre si. Los datos fueron analizados por Kolmogorov-Smirnov y prueba de Person para evaluar la correlacion, considerando un p 0.05. La media y ± SD en la distancia sagital fueron en el lado derecho 6,71± 1.70 mm y en el lado izquierdo 6,83±1.83 mm (p0.0001). Las medidas transversales fueron: lado derecho 13.28±2.17 mm y lado izquierdo 13.31±2.19 mm (p0.0001). Fueron observadas foraminas supranumerarias del FIO, con la presencia del IOF doble en 50 casos, siendo bilaterales en 8 especimenes izquierdos y derechos de la cara, 21 para cada lado. El FIO no era absolutamente simetrico y podia presentar el par bilateral y la abertura unilateral. La presencia de foraminas supranumerarias, como diversas medidas de este estudio, pueden interferir con la anestesia. Asi sugerimos considerar estos parametros en la evaluacion anestesica y recordar las variantes durante los procedimientos usados para la localizacion del agujero infraorbital

Desnutrição materna durante a lactação em ratos Wistar: efeitos sobre as fibras elásticas da matriz extracelular na traqueia dos filhotes

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of maternal protein malnutrition during lactation on the elastic fibers in the tracheas of Wistar rat pups. METHODS At delivery, 12 male pups of two Wistar rat dams were equally divided into two groups: control, in which the dam received water and standard rat chow ad libitum during lactation; and protein-restricted (PR), in which the dam received water ad libitum and an isoenergetic PR diet (8% protein). At 21 days of age, the pups were killed and their tracheas were excised. The elastic fibers were stained with Weigerts resorcin-fuchsin (after oxidation) and evaluated under light microscopy. Morphometric determinations were performed by stereology, with the point-counting method, and expressed as volumetric densities. RESULTS Elastic fibers, most having a longitudinal distribution, were identified beneath the tracheal mucosa. In addition, well-defined circular layers of elastic fibers were found around the inner and outer surfaces of the cartilaginous ring. There were no differences between the groups regarding the organization and distribution of the elastic fibers. The volumetric density of the elastic fibers of the pups in the control and PR groups was 2.46 ± 0.99% and 3.25 ± 1.13%, respectively (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The volumetric density of elastic fibers appears to be greater in rat pups breastfed by dams receiving a PR diet than in those breastfed by dams receiving a normal diet.

MORPHOMETRICAL AND STEREOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SUPERIOR CERVICAL GANGLION OF Rattus norvegicus SUBMITTED TO CHRONIC TREATMENT WITH CORTISOL

Se investigo la accion de corticoides en el crecimiento del ganglio cervical superior de rata y se describieron los efectos del cortisol durante las fases tempranas de desarrollo. El estudio se baso en los analisis morfometrico y estereologico del pericario. Fueron inyectadas intraperitonealmente 8 ratas con cortisol (1mg/Kg/dia) durante 36 dias. El tratamiento se comenzo en el dia 8 despues del nacimiento, finalizandose un dia antes del sacrificio. Hubo una diferencia significativa (£P0,05) en el promedio del diametro neuronal entre el grupo control (16.78 ± 1.11 mm) y los animales tratados (15.84 ± 0.99 mm). La disminucion del diametro neuronal del pericario tambien fue demostrada a traves de la estereologia. Los hallazgos morfometricos pueden hacer pensar en alteraciones de la actividad neuronal del ganglio cervical superior, en ratas tratadas por un largo periodo con cortisol

High prevalence of sternal foramen: quantitative, anatomical analysis and its clinical implications in acupuncture practice

El objetivo del estudio fue verificar la prevalencia del foramen esternal en cadaveres adultos y huesos secos, asi como, determinar su localizacion y su relacion con los puntos de acupuntura. Fueron examinados 180 esternones fijados en solucion de formol al 10%, 100 eran huesos secos y 80 pertenecian a cadaveres de individuos adultos. Las medidas morfometricas se expresaron en milimetros, efectuandose las siguientes mediciones: 1) desde la incisura yugular al foramen; 2) desde el angulo esternal al foramen y 3) desde el proceso xifoides hasta al foramen. El analisis estadistico permitio comparar la frecuencia de los foramenes, usando el test de Fisher (p 0,05 ). Los resultados mostraron la presencia del foramen esternal en 16,6% de los casos, siendo significativamente mayor a lo esperado (p 0,0248). De los 30 foramenes, el 53,3% se encontro en cadaveres y en el 46,7% en los huesos secos. De los cadaveres con foramen esternal, 10 foramenes se encontraban a nivel de la 5 articulacion esternocondral y 6 a nivel de la 4 articulacion esternocondral. De los 14 foramenes de los huesos secos, 9 foramenes se encontraban entre entre el 4 y el 5 espacio intercostal y 5 se localizaban a nivel del 5 articulacion. La longitud total del esternon fue 151,8 mm ± 34 y las medidas desde la incisura yugular al foramen, desde el angulo esternal al foramen y desde el proceso xifoides hasta al foramen fueron, 103,8 ± 22,1 mm, 65,6 ± 15 mm y 46,9 ± 15 mm, respectivamente. El conocimiento de este hecho es importante para evitar la lesion cardiaca grave por la insercion de agujas, ya que esta zona tiene un punto de acupuntura de uso comun en la puncion esternal.