Rafael Cisne

Desnutrição materna durante a lactação em ratos Wistar: efeitos sobre as fibras elásticas da matriz extracelular na traqueia dos filhotes

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of maternal protein malnutrition during lactation on the elastic fibers in the tracheas of Wistar rat pups. METHODS At delivery, 12 male pups of two Wistar rat dams were equally divided into two groups: control, in which the dam received water and standard rat chow ad libitum during lactation; and protein-restricted (PR), in which the dam received water ad libitum and an isoenergetic PR diet (8% protein). At 21 days of age, the pups were killed and their tracheas were excised. The elastic fibers were stained with Weigerts resorcin-fuchsin (after oxidation) and evaluated under light microscopy. Morphometric determinations were performed by stereology, with the point-counting method, and expressed as volumetric densities. RESULTS Elastic fibers, most having a longitudinal distribution, were identified beneath the tracheal mucosa. In addition, well-defined circular layers of elastic fibers were found around the inner and outer surfaces of the cartilaginous ring. There were no differences between the groups regarding the organization and distribution of the elastic fibers. The volumetric density of the elastic fibers of the pups in the control and PR groups was 2.46 ± 0.99% and 3.25 ± 1.13%, respectively (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The volumetric density of elastic fibers appears to be greater in rat pups breastfed by dams receiving a PR diet than in those breastfed by dams receiving a normal diet.

Structure and Concentration of Elastic System Fibers in the Trachea of the Rat

La matriz extracelular es un elemento clave en la morfologia y fisiologia de la traquea, tanto en estados normales como patologicos. Sin embargo, poco se sabe acerca de su composicion y organizacion. Se llevo a cabo un estudio detallado de la organizacion morfologica y la densidad volumetrica de fibras del sistema elastico en la traquea de ratas Wistar. Se utilizaron seis ratas Wistar edad de 45 dias de vida. La traquea fue extraida despues de anestesia con tiopental y la perfusion a traves del ventriculo izquierdo con solucion salina tamponada seguido de solucion de formalina. Las muestras fueron fijadas en formalina e incluidas en parafina y se procesaron histologicamente. Las fibras del sistema elastico fueron evaluadas en microscopia de luz utilizando la tecnica de Weigert, resorcina-fucsina despues de la oxidacion con Oxone. Los estudios morfometricos fueron realizados por el metodo de conteo de puntos. Las cantidades se expresaron (%, media) como la densidad volumetrica y se determinaron en 25 campos al azar para cada animal. Las fibras elasticas del sistema fueron identificadas por bajo la mucosa traqueal que muestra principalmente un perfil longitudinal. Tambien se encontraron algunos haces de fibras oblicuas en esta region, formando una red irregular de tejido elastico. Cerca de la superficie interna del anillo cartilaginoso, una capa bien definida circular esta presente. La densidad volumetrica de las fibras del sistema elastico en la traquea de ratas Wistar fue de 2,46 ± 0,99%. Los datos del presente estudio proporcionan informacion inicial sobre las fibras del sistema elastico de la traquea de rata, que puede ser utilizado como un modelo para el estudio de la morfologia de las vias respiratorias humanas. Los resultados reportados en este documento constituyen la base de investigaciones continuas en la traquea de la matriz extracelular por estereologia.

De Garengeot's hernia in an 82-year-old man: a case report and clinical significance

The presence of the appendix within a femoral hernia (FH) sac is known as Garengeots hernia (GH). We report on current study a rare case of an elderly man with a combined inguinal and Garengeots hernia and discuss the clinical aspects. An 82-year-old man clinically stable, presented history of pain at the right inguinal region for over a week, without vomit, nausea, fever or any alteration of intestinal or urinary eliminations. Clinical examination revealed a FH and the ultrasonography confirmed the hernia sac. During the surgery, the appendix was recognized within the sac, and then, the patient underwent appendectomy and hernia repair. In conclusion, the presence of the vermiform appendix in a FH sac is rare, thus, requiring knowledge of the surgeon regarding this clinical entity. Prompt diagnosis and appropriate surgical treatment is the key to avoid complications.

Output Relations of Humeral Circumflex Arteries and its Variations

Una amplia gama de variabilidad marca el patron de ramificacion de la arteria axilar. El conocimiento de las variaciones anatomicas de este patron es esencial para enfoques de diagnostico y terapeuticos, incluyendo la cirugia de la region axilar. El objetivo fue observar los diferentes origenes posibles de arterias circunflejas humerales y medir la longitud y el diametro de cada vaso. En el estudio se disecaron 24 axilas de cadaveres adultos (fijados en formalina tamponada al 10%). Los datos se analizaron con un calibrador digital y los resultados se expresaron como Media ± DS. En la mayoria de los especimenes, la arteria circunfleja humeral posterior surgio de la arteria subescapular (ASE) (54,16%) con un diametro medio de 0,41±3,92 mm. En la mayoria de los especimenes (62,5%), la arteria circunfleja humeral anterior era una rama de la arteria axilar (AA) con un diametro medio de 0,68±1,83 mm. Las arterias circunflejas humerales pueden surgir de la ASE, de la arteria braquial profunda y AA. El resultado de este estudio es un dato interesante para el origen, la longitud y el diametro de los vasos, lo que contribuye al conocimiento de la ocurrencia de estas variaciones.

Tannic Acid Solution: A Better Fixative Solution Than Formalin for Elastin and Collagen-Toxic and Morphological Assessment: TANNIC ACID SOLUTION IS BETTER THAN FORMALIN

Formaldehyde is commonly used worldwide, even though it is classified as carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. This has motivated intensive investigations of formaldehyde substitutes, and recently, some alternative solutions were found, which can potentially replace it. Previous research showed that tannic acid (TA) in glutaraldehyde solution has the ability to stabilize elastin and collagen. This provided a basis for the development of a new alcoholic fixative solution, particularly aimed at extracellular matrix components, with TA as a main component. Heart, brain, and intestinal samples were fixed by immersion in 10% regular formalin solution (RFS), 70% ethanol solution (ES), and tannic acid ethanolic solution (TAES). Next, tissue fragments were prepared for routine histology procedures. The toxicity of TA was analyzed using in silico tests for mutagenicity, as well as for cutaneous and respiratory toxicity. Analyses of photomicrographs demonstrated that all fixative solutions have the ability to preserve the fragments. The quantitative analyses showed that capability of TAES to preserve and stabilize elastin and collagen is superior to that of RFS and ES. We demonstrated that TA is not mutagenic, and it is less toxic for skin and respiratory tract. We therefore conclude that TAES can potentially represent a powerful and feasible alternative solution for fixing extracellular matrix of microscopic examination samples. Anat Rec, 301:1544–1550, 2018.

The Role of Nucleotides in Glial Cells during Peripheral Nerve Trauma and Compressive Disorders

Studies have shown that the administration of drugs containing pyrimidine nucleotides, such as uridine triphosphate (UTP) and cytidine monophosphate (CMP), has been effective in pain-intensity reductions in patients with painful conditions as diabetic neuropathy, back pain, and cervical and trauma-compressive changes. The combination of pyrimidine nucleotides UTP and CMP is part of a peripheral neuro-regenerative process. Its pharmacological properties are stimulation of nerve cells proteins synthesis, nerve cell membranes synthesis, myelin sheaths synthesis, and neurite sprouting through P2Y receptors activation. Herein, chapter will be discussed the combination of UTP and CMP, and in some cases, the inclusion of cobalamin (B12 vitamin) that appears to have analgesic effects in neuropathic pain secondary to spine structural disorders assigned to a complex pharmacodynamic. The mechanisms involved can be both indirect (protein synthesis in nerve cells, myelin synthesis, synthesis of MBP, etc.) and direct (P2Y receptor stimulation).

Clinical discussion of the arteria lusoria: a case report

Abstract The right subclavian artery may originate from the left portion of the aortic arch. This aberrant vessel is known as the arteria lusoria. Its course to its usual site runs behind the esophagus, which may cause a disease known as dysphagia lusoria, responsible for symptoms of discomfort. This artery is often associated with other anomalies, such as the non-recurrent laryngeal nerve and the bicarotid trunk, and with diseases such as aneurysms, congenital heart defects, and even genetic syndromes. During routine dissection of a male cadaver fixed in 10% formalin solution, an arteria lusoria was found. This article reports the variation and discusses its embryological, clinical and surgical aspects.

Pharyngoesophageal Obstruction on the Killian-Laimer Triangle by Zenker’s Diverticulum: Case Report and Clinical Significance

Zenker’s diverticulum is a form of esophageal and pharyngeal obstruction located at the Killian-Laimer triangle. It is relatively common in elderly man (seventh or eighth decade of life), and its pathophysiology is not completely understood, albeit theories regarding dysfunction of the upper esophageal sphincter were reported. The main symptoms are dysphagia and odynophagia, but it can complicate to aspiration and perforation of the pharyngeal pouch; also, it can be asymptomatic. Diagnosis is provided through a barium esophagogram. Treatment can be performed through endoscopic surgery, diverticulopexy and myotomy of the cricopharyngeus muscle, although there is no consensus among surgeons regarding the treatment of choice. We report a case of pharyngeal obstruction due to Zenker’s diverticulum which caused massive weight loss in a 76-year-old male.

Nutrition and tracheal morphology; does malnutrition lead to characteristics of premature aging?

Interest in tracheal surgery and invasive airwayendoscopic procedures has increased in the last twodecades. This is a direct consequence of the aging ofpopulation and improvement in intensive care units.The most prevalent airway disease requiring surgery orinvasive endoscopic procedure is tracheal stenosis. Theoccurrence of this disease is related to abnormalhealing after injury to mucosa, usually by orotrachealor tracheostomy tube. Importantly, this healing processis initiated in, and coordinated by, the extracellularmatrix.