Marcos Aguiar de Souza

Ambivalent Sexism and Attitudes Toward Wife Abuse in Turkey and Brazil

Men and women in Turkey and Brazil completed the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (Glick & Fiske, 1996) and measures of attitudes about wife abuse. In both nations hostile sexism (HS) and benevolent sexism (BS) positively correlated with attitudes that legitimize abuse. Regression analyses revealed that HS accounted for unique variance, but BS (once HS was controlled) was unrelated to wife abuse attitudes. These results: (a) add to the evidence for the cross-cultural validity of ambivalent sexism, (b) suggest that HS supports the justification of violence against wives, and (c) imply that the ostensible protectiveness of BS is contingent, failing to shield women from abuse if they are deemed to have challenged a husbands authority or violated conventional gender roles.

Atribuição de causalidade ao sucesso e fracasso escolar: um estudo transcultural Brasil-Argentina-México

The attributional mechanisms used by Brazilian, Argentinean and Mexican students to explain the academic success and failure were compared. The sample consisted of 1594 high school students of both sexes separated into either high or low achievement groups, attending either public or private institutions. They were asked to indicate the causes of their own performance, of their classmates, of students from a different kind of school and of students from another country. Effort was chosen by the majority of students from the three national groups as an explanation of either success or failure of their own, of other students from the same country and of students from different countries, albeit observed differences in attributional patterns as a function of nationality, sex and type of school. These results are discussed based both on the self-serving attributional bias and the fundamental attribution error theoretical framework, by taking into account the cultural peculiarities of the three countries which participated in the study.

Representação Social da Educação Ambiental e da Educação em Saúde em Universitários

The growing globalization has been promoting economic, political and cultural modifications in several sections of the human activity. Such interdependence has been favoring the discussion of themes of global interest, as the environmental and health education. The present study aimed to investigate the social representations of the environmental education and of the health education in 204 college students of the city of Rio de Janeiro, 106 men and 98 women, with an average age of 26,9 year-old. The participants filled a questionnaire with questions on personal conceptions concerning environmental education and health education. Content analysis revealed three categories concerning environmental education (utilitarian anthropocentric conception, agreed-with anthropocentric conception and ecocentric conception) and four categories concerning health education (health as absence of disease, emphasis on bodys health, health as body-mind balance and ecocentric conception of health). The conclusions suggest that environment and health are still understood as independent themes, hindering more efficient actions on the part of the population and of governmental and no governmental entities.

Obesidade infantil e bullying: a ótica dos professores

Este estudo objetivou verificar a percepcao de professores em relacao aos problemas enfrentados por alunos obesos no ambiente escolar, bem como associar tais problemas a definicao de bullying. Foram entrevistados 63 professores da rede estadual de um municipio da regiao metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro e a eles foi feita uma pergunta aberta referente aos problemas enfrentados pelos alunos acima do peso. Tal pergunta, propositalmente, nao mencionava a palavra bullying. Os professores foram abordados pelo pesquisador principal nas escolas, em periodo destinado ao descanso ou durante momentos em que os alunos estivessem realizando atividades que nao necessitassem da intervencao direta do professor. As respostas foram agrupadas em dezessete categorias e os resultados mostraram que, segundo os professores, o problema mais enfrentado pelos alunos acima do peso e o preconceito. Alem disso, como problemas enfrentados por esses alunos, ainda foram apontadas a exclusao, a timidez e a baixa autoestima, dentre outros. Os resultados tambem mostraram atitudes negativas do professor com relacao aos alunos, os quais algumas vezes foram descritos como apaticos, desanimados, cansados, lentos, distraidos, preguicosos, indispostos etc.; esse dado indica a possibilidade de o proprio professor atuar como autor do bullying. Os resultados da pesquisa evidenciam que mais estudos devem ser desenvolvidos a fim de buscar melhor compreensao do papel do professor diante da discriminacao de alunos acima do peso, mais especificamente do bullying, de forma a permitir maior aprofundamento no desenvolvimento de acoes que visem promover a diversidade cultural nas escolas.

Un modelo explicativo de resiliencia en jovenes y adolescentes

Resilience has been defined as the ability to overcome and emerge stronger from adversity. This capability is evolutionary and is influenced by protective factors, both personal and environmental. Although many of these factors have been identified, little is known about the complex interactions between them and the way that they contribute to the development of resilience. Based on the latest scientific evidence, the objective of this work was to develop an explanatory model of resilience in youth and adolescents. Each variable introduced in the model is rooted in theoretical or empirical evidence published. By the nature of the variables included (optimism, sense of humor, positive emotions, well-being, emotional intelligence), the proposed model fits within the guidelines of Positive Psychology. Theoretical, methodological, and epistemological suggestions are offered to test the model.Resilience has been defined as the ability to overcome and emerge stronger from adversity. This capability is evolutionary and is influenced by protective factors, both personal and environmental. Although many of these factors have been identified, little is known about the complex interactions between them and the way that they contribute to the development of resilience. Based on the latest scientific evidence, the objective of this work was to develop an explanatory model of resilience in youth and adolescents. Each variable introduced in the model is rooted in theoretical or empirical evidence published. By the nature of the variables included (optimism, sense of humor, positive emotions, well-being, emotional intelligence), the proposed model fits within the guidelines of Positive Psychology. Theoretical, methodological, and epistemological suggestions are offered to test the model.

Leadership in Extreme Conditions and Under Severe Stress: Case Study Analysis

Leadership under dangerous conditions occurs in extremely unpredictable situations, with a lack of information, and requires an instant overall evaluation of what is happening, which will affect decisions made and the physical and psychological wellbeing of troops and civilians. In this chapter, we present an individual typology required for military leaders in dangerous contexts, with special focus on critical tasks and individual capabilities. Further, we review and apply leadership in extreme situations (Hannah et al. 2009) to a real case which required a reaction to an act of armed terrorism. The application of theoretic models to the analysis of real cases enables us to provide the knowledge military leaders need when dealing with dangerous circumstances and situations where lives are at risk and to draw conclusions about lessons learned and future behaviors. Our main purpose is to characterize the field of application of military leadership and explore the challenges faced by commanders in extreme situations. On final reflection, it is clear that the human factors associated with leadership are key elements of fighting power.

State of the Art of Job Satisfaction Measures: A Systematic Review

Job satisfaction is a psychological variable that has been studied in contemporary organizational science due to its relation with a series of variables such as performance, turnover, organizational commitment and resilience. One problem found in the scientifi c literature is the lack of uniformity regarding the use of measures of job satisfaction. In order to identify the state of the art of instruments that evaluate work satisfaction worldwide, in Latin America and in Brazil, a systematic review on the Web of Knowledge, Scopus and SciELO bases has been conducted. The search generated a list of 357 articles that, after applying exclusion criteria, were reduced to 154. Altogether 62 different scales were found in 42 different countries around the world. Regarding the overall results, two scales were identifi ed as the most used in the international studies, as well as in relation to the studies carried out in Latin America. In Brazil, only one scale could be considered.

Escala de Percepção de Suporte Organizacional: evidência da estrutura fatorial em trabalhadores brasileiros

As crencas e as expectativas do individuo acerca da retribuicao e do reconhecimento dado pela organizacao ao seu trabalho sao questoes diretamente relacionadas a percepcao de suporte organizacional. No presente estudo pretendeu-se investigar evidencias psicometricas da Escala de Percepcao de Suporte Organizacional (EPSO) em trabalhadores brasileiros. Para isso foram coletados dados com 635 pessoas. Foi realizado um procedimento de Analise Fatorial Exploratoria que demonstrou indices satisfatorios (KMO = 0,85; p < 0,001) e apontou o instrumento com um unico fator que explica 49,9% da variância. O procedimento de Analise Fatorial Confirmatoria com o auxilio do software AMOS apontou indices satisfatorios de adequacao do modelo. Os resultados reforcam a solucao unifatorial representada de acordo com o que se esperava teoricamente.

Positive Rule Breaking and Implications for Organizations

This chapter reviews the national and international literature on positive rule breaking in organizations. To that, it first presents the concept of rules in organizations and then characterizes the positive deviant workplace behaviors in organizations regarding the different typologies being adopted to conceptualize it. It further discusses some of the measurement instruments being developed to measure these behaviors. Next it focuses on the main antecedents based on theoretical propositions and empirical studies on the construct. The conclusion approaches the implications of positive deviant workplace behaviors for organizations, mainly regarding management.

A representação social do bom professor no ensino superior

We investigate social representations of students from a Federal University of Rio de Janeiro on the “good teacher “. Interest in the phenomenon arose from the observation of urgency in promoting actions that contribute to the improvement of higher education, as well as the scarcity of studies addressing the learning process in the context of higher education, especially with the use of the Theory of Social Representations. Data collection occurred through a questionnaire, covering 294 students from undergraduate. The categories that emerged from the discourse of the participants were classified into two groups. The first related to the technical aspects of the teaching profession. The second related to the teacher in the process of interaction with the student. The results allowed us to reflect on the need for attention to the specificities of teacher training for higher education, highlighting the relevance of the faculty role in shaping the professional future.