Marcos Antonio Lima Moura

composition and diurnal variability of the natural Amazonian aerosol

As part of the Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA)-Cooperative LBA Airborne Regional Experiment (CLAIRE) 2001 campaign, separate day and nighttime aerosol samples were collected in July 2001 at a ground-based site in Amazonia, Brazil, in order to examine the composition and temporal variability of the natural “background” aerosol. A combination of analytical techniques was used to characterize the elemental and ionic composition of the aerosol. Major particle types larger than ∼0.5 μm were identified by electron and light microscopy. Both the coarse and fine aerosol were found to consist primarily of organic matter (∼70 and 80% by mass, respectively), with the coarse fraction containing small amounts of soil dust and sea-salt particles and the fine fraction containing some non-sea-salt sulfate. Coarse particulate mass concentrations (CPM ≈ PM_(10) − PM_2) were found to be highest at night (average = 3.9 ± 1.4 μg m^(−3), mean night-to-day ratio = 1.9 ± 0.4), while fine particulate mass concentrations (FPM ≈ PM_2) increased during the daytime (average = 2.6 ± 0.8 μg m^(−3), mean night-to-day ratio = 0.7 ± 0.1). The nocturnal increase in CPM coincided with an increase in primary biological particles in this size range (predominantly yeasts and other fungal spores), resulting from the trapping of surface-derived forest aerosol under a shallow nocturnal boundary layer and a lake-land breeze effect at the site, although active nocturnal sporulation may have also contributed. Associated with this, we observed elevated nighttime concentrations of biogenic elements and ions (P, S, K, Cu, Zn, NH_4^+) in the CPM fraction. For the FPM fraction a persistently higher daytime concentration of organic carbon was found, which indicates that photochemical production of secondary organic aerosol from biogenic volatile organic compounds may have made a significant contribution to the fine aerosol. Dust and sea-salt-associated elements/ions in the CPM fraction, and non-sea-salt sulfate in the FPM fraction, showed higher daytime concentrations, most likely due to enhanced convective downward mixing of long-range transported aerosol.

The NH4+‐NO3−‐Cl−‐SO42−‐H2O aerosol system and its gas phase precursors at a pasture site in the Amazon Basin: How relevant are mineral cations and soluble organic acids?

Real-time measurements of ammonia, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfur dioxide and the water-soluble inorganic aerosol species, ammonium, nitrate, chloride, and sulfate were performed at a pasture site in the Amazon Basin (Rondonia, Brazil). The measurements were made during the late dry season (biomass burning), the transition period, and the onset of the wet season (clean conditions) using a wet-annular denuder (WAD) in combination with a Steam-Jet Aerosol Collector (SJAC). Measurements were conducted from 12 September to 14 November 2002 within the framework of LBA-SMOCC (Large-Scale Biosphere Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia - Smoke Aerosols, Clouds, Rainfall, and Climate: Aerosols From Biomass Burning Perturb Global and Regional Climate). Real-time data were combined with measurements of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and low-molecular weight (LMW) polar organic acids determined on 12-, 24-, and 48-hours integrated filter samples. The contribution of inorganic species to the fine particulate mass (Dp = 2.5 µm) was frequently below 20% by mass, indicating the preponderance of organic matter. The measured concentration products of NH3 × HNO3 and NH3 × HCl persistently remained below the theoretical equilibrium dissociation constants of the NH3/HNO3/NH4NO3 and NH3/HCl/NH4Cl systems during daytime (RH 90%) fine-mode NH4NO3 and NH4Cl are predicted to be formed in the aqueous aerosol phase. Probably, Cl- was driven out of the aerosol phase largely by reaction of pyrogenic KCl with HNO3 and H2SO4. As shown by an updated version of the equilibrium simplified aerosol model (EQSAM2), which incorporates mineral aerosol species and lumped LMW polar organic acids, daytime aerosol NH4 + was mainly balanced by organic compounds.

Evidência observacional das brisas do lago de Balbina (Amazonas) e seus efeitos sobre a concentração do ozônio

Local wind systems, such as sea or lake breezes, strongly affect the transport and dispersion of atmospheric trace gases. Based on its size and location, the artificial lake of Balbina in the Amazon - can be expected to give rise to a lake/forest breeze regime. During the period 2 to 28 July 2002, within the LBA/CLAIRE-2001 experiment, we have continually measured the ozone concentrations (O3) and the wind directions close to the Balbina dam. We found that there is indeed a well established breeze system, with lake breezes prevailing during mid-day (10 to 14 LT) while forest breezes prevail from the afternoon to early morning (16 to 8 LT). During the latter period radioactive cooling in the forest creates a strong local thermal contrast. The average daily ozone concentration was 8.7 ppbv, with an average of 10.6 ppbv during the day, and 3.5 ppbv at night. When local winds came from the lake, even at night, ozone concentrations were greater compared to breezes coming from the forest.

Variação sazonal do fluxo de calor no solo dentro de um manguezal tropical

Mangrove swamps are highly important ecosystems due to their biodiversity, but they still are little studied. Soil heat fluxes (SHF) is one of the proprieties that interfere in the ecosystem microclimate and depends on lots of factors. An experimental study was carried out in a mangrove forest in the Marechal Deodoro city, in the State of Alagoas, from October/2004 to October/2005, with the aim of describing the SHF seasonal variation. To this end, an automatic weather station was assembled in a micrometeorological tower to register the data continuously. To measure SHF in 10 cm depth one battery with three (3) fluximeter model HFT3 (Campbell Scientific, EUA) was used so that the soil uniformity interference in the measurements was reduced. The obtained results showed influence of solar radiation, rainfall and tidal wave in the daily and seasonal SHF variation. A large SHF amplitude daily difference occurred between the wet (9 W m-2) and dry (36 W m-2) season.

Variabilidade da temperatura do solo em função da liteira em fragmento remanescente de mata atlântica

A temperatura do solo (TS) e um dos elementos importantes na caracterizacao do microclima havendo poucos estudos sobre sua variabilidade em ambientes florestais. Um estudo experimental foi realizado dentro de um fragmento de Mata Atlântica remanescente, no municipio de Coruripe, Alagoas, no periodo entre junho/2009 a maio/2011, com o objetivo de caracterizar a variabilidade da temperatura anual e sazonal e a influencia da cobertura de liteira no solo. Os dados foram obtidos atraves de uma torre micrometeorologica de 26 m de altura instalada dentro da floresta. Para os perfis de temperatura do solo foram utilizados termopares tipo cobre/constantan, nas profundidades 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50 e 100 cm, no primeiro ano de estudo e de 1, 5, 10, 20 e 50 cm nas areas com e sem cobertura por liteira, no segundo ano de estudo em que os resultados obtidos apresentaram maior variabilidade da TS entre as camadas mais superficiais. O comportamento da TS foi bastante distinto entre os periodos com o seco apresentando uma amplitude termica maior enquanto, por sua vez, o chuvoso registrou as maiores variacoes da TS com a profundidade cujos resultados ainda indicaram que a cobertura por liteira produziu maior variacao da TS com a profundidade do solo.

Estudo da Temperatura do Solo em Dois Biomas Florestais nos Períodos, Chuvoso e Seco (Study of Soil Temperature in Two Forest Biomes in the Periods, Rainy and Dry)

Este trabalho buscou realizar um estudo de caso da variacao da temperatura do solo (TS) em dois biomas florestais, floresta amazonica e mata atlântica, para um mes considerado chuvoso e outro seco. Para a area da floresta amazonica, foram utilizados dados da torre K34 do grupo de micrometeorologica do LBA-INPA, localizada na Reserva Biologica do Cuieiras, e analisando os perfis de temperatura do solo atraves de sensores MCM 101 (IMAG-DLO, Wageningen The Netherlands) nas profundidades 2, 5, 10, 20 e 50 cm, para o mes de abril (chuvoso) e setembro (seco) de 2009. Na area de mata atlântica os dados foram obtidos atraves de uma torre micrometeorologica de 26 m de altura localizada na cidade de Coruripe-AL, e analisando os perfis de temperatura do solo atraves de termopares tipo cobre/constantan nas profundidades 1, 5, 10, 20, e 50 cm, para o mes de junho (chuvoso) e novembro (seco) de 2009. Observou-se que a variabilidade TS dentro da floresta amazonica apresenta pouca oscilacoes diaria, tanto para o periodo seco (4 oC), quanto para o chuvoso (1,2 oC). Enquanto que a mata atlântica mostrou variabilidade distinta entre os periodos, o periodo seco obteve maxima amplitude (18 °C) e o periodo chuvoso teve pouca variacao (1 °C). A B S T R A C T This work sought to accomplish case study of the variation of soil temperature (TS) in two forest biomes, Amazon rainforest and Atlantic forest for a month under consideration rainy and a dry. For the area of the Amazon rainforest, we used data from the K34 tower of the group of micrometeorological LBA-INPA, located in the Biological Reserve Cuieiras and analyzing the profiles of soil temperature sensors through 101 MCM (IMAG-DLO, Wageningen The Netherlands ) in the depths of 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 cm, for the month of April (rainy) and September (dry) 2009. In the area of Atlantic forest the data were obtained through a micrometeorological tower 26 m high located in the city of Coruripe-AL, and analyzing the profiles of soil temperature using thermocouples type copper / constantan in the depths of 1, 5, 10, 20, and 50 cm for the month of June (rainy) and November (dry) 2009. It was observed that TS variability within the Amazon rainforest has little daily oscillations for both the dry period (4 °C), and for the rainy period (1,2 °C). While the Atlantic forest showed distinct variability between periods, the dry obtained maximum amplitude (18 °C) and rainy had little variation (1 °C). Keywords: micrometeorology, thermal conductivity, tropical forest

COMPORTAMENTO DA TEMPERATURA DO LIXO EM DUAS ÉPOCAS DISTINTAS (SECA E CHUVOSA) NO LIXÃO DA CIDADE DE MACEIÓ, AL

Maceio city, due to the inexistence of industry pollutants, detainsits landfill, located in Cruz das Almas neighborhood (LAT 09o 33’ S; LON35o 46’ W) as one of the main atmospheric pollutants source emission. There are two great reasons to the inhabitant claims that live near the landfill.The leached ashes resulted from the waste combustion, mainly during thedry period in the region (October, November, December and January),and the gas emission produced by the waste bacteria and chemical activity,that occurs during all the year, being most noted by the surroundingpopulation in the rainy period. (April, May, June and July). The main aimof this paper is to analyzer the waste temperature profile, in twoclimatologically distinct period (dry and wet seasons) in the landfill. To doit, three field experiments were carried out with an automatic weather stationinstallation (EMA), to solar global radiation, precipitation and wastetemperature soil profile in four different levels (5, 25, 50 and 100 cm) beingtwo fields campaigns in the dry season and another in wet period. Couldnote that the waste temperature (TL) varies according to the season,emphasizing the dry period, where the waste temperature is highest in thelevel near surface, while in the wet period occurs the opposite. Was notedthat the precipitation substandard the waste temperature profile.

PROGNOSIS OF THE WIND FOR ALAGOAS STATE USING WRF MODEL: STUDY OF THE UPDATE TOPOGRAPHY, LAND USE AND FRICTION VELOCITY

This paper aims to make an evaluative study of the updates topography, land use and friction velocity performed in the atmospheric WRF model, and prove its efficiency in simulating the wind speed and direction patterns using measurements of anemometric station Maragogi/AL, during the period from August/2007 to July/2008, focusing to May/2008 showed low correlation coefficient indices. The changes resulted in improvements made in the correlation coefficient for the wind speed of 0.15 to 0.61, however it is not perceived improvement to the wind direction. Highlighted the fact that the topography and friction velocity were the variables that most influenced the simulations, however there was little difference between the default condition the update condition for land use. The average speed for the city of Maragogi/AL was 5,27m/s predominant direction of South East wind. Generally noticed an improvement in the simulations when implemented updates in the model.

WIND VELOCITY FORECAST USING WRF MODEL ON THE CENTRAL REGION OF ALAGOAS STATE (BRAZIL)

The PVPN project (Previsao do Vento em Parques Eolicos no Nordeste Brasileiro “Wind forecast for wind farms in the Brazilian Northeast”) has been made aiming to developing a methodology for the prediction of short and medium-term wind energy in wind farms, proper Brazilian Northeast. This paper presents results from an intensive campaign, which, wind velocity and micrometeorological measurements including turbulence are made. Estimates made by the WRF model for the wind velocity were compared with friction velocity and the fluxes (sensible heat and latent heat). The results showed that the model represented well the daily cycles of the four variables with correlation coefficients between 0.79 and 0.94. The estimation of the wind velocity were very good with a difference of only 10.55%. The estimate of the remaining variables was bad to reasonable.

ANÁLISE DAS OSCILAÇÕES DA TEMPERATURA DO SOLO ATRAVÉS DA TRANSFORMADA DE ONDELETAS

Variations in the soil temperature (TS) inside a fragment of Atlantic forest in the city of Coruripe-AL, were studied using data from a micrometeorological tower of 26 m, installed inside the forest. The data covering the year 2012 were subjected to wavelet transform. This method involves transformation of a number in a unidimensional space of time and frequency, allowing determining the dominant scales of variability and its temporal variations. The results showed that the variability of the TS region is defined by multi-scales located at certain intervals of days. However, the variability is associated with solar radiation (Rg) and precipitation.