Marcus Dejardin

Entrepreneurship and Culture

The relative stability of differences in entrepreneurial activity across countries suggests that factors other than economic ones are at play (Freytag and Thurik, 2010). Cultural factors, as a subset of stable contextual factors, may play a role. In this paper, we give examples of various theories on the relationship between cultural values and entrepreneurship, providing both a conceptual basis and an empirical test.

Ambitious Entrepreneurship: A Review of Growth Aspirations, Intentions, and Expectations

In the study of entrepreneurial behavior types, “ambitious entrepreneurship” recently emerged as a new research concept. Unfortunately, a systematic overview of what is known (and not known) about this topic is missing. In particular, insights into the various definitions, measures, and antecedents of ambitious entrepreneurship are lacking. In this chapter, we offer a state-of-the-art review and analysis of extant research on ambitious entrepreneurship. We structure the literature review by providing insights into antecedents of ambitious entrepreneurship, and extensively discuss the conceptualization and operationalization of this research concept. We clarify the differences between related concepts such as growth intention, expectation, and aspiration, and argue how all these concepts fit into a unifying framework of ambitious entrepreneurship. We summarize promising future research avenues for the study of ambitious entrepreneurship, both from a methodological and a conceptual point of view.

Entrepreneurial Finance in France: The Persistent Role of Banks

We study financial constraints new firms suffer from in France during the mid-nineties. Three types of constraints are distinguished: the classic and well-known weak and strong credit rationing and the new concept of self-rationing bound to the theory of discouraged borrowers. We look for these constraints on a sample of new firms which survived at least 3 years during the mid-nineties. Empirical findings show credit constraints as a whole concern 41.96% of the sample and a very low proportion of new firms suffer from credit rationing “à la Stiglitz-Weiss�?. Weak credit rationing and self-rationing, caused by discouragement, are more widespread among French new firms. We highlight moreover the role of banks during the post-start up stage even if firms have suffered from credit rationing at the beginning of their life. Results not only suggest the absence of firms’ path of exclusion on the credit market but the rent expropriation by banks.

Entrepreneurship and Rent-Seeking Behavior

In this chapter, we propose a primer of the treatment that has received in the economic literature the problematic of entrepreneurship and rent-seeking behavior. It comprises the introduction of employed concepts, the discussion of the allocation of entrepreneurs between different types of economic projects, namely between innovative entrepreneurship and rent-seeking, as well as the explicative factors of the allocation. Interactions between entrepreneurship, rent-seeking and growth are considered (also for a reference situation departing from the first best). Some policy implications are finally briefly evoked.

Toward the Entrepreneurial Society

Not only growth but better growth is required to address the tremendous challenges that European economies are facing. More entrepreneurs and more entrepreneurial firms -new and innovative firms- can contribute. A variety of factors may be considered to promote entrepreneurship among young people, and innovative activities among firms. Education is certainly one of the most relevant. The need to create a more favourable social climate for new businesses requires not only changing the state of mind but also improving globally the skills of entrepreneurs. It is also important to identify the most favourable context for the creation and development of sustainable, innovative companies, especially during economic crisis. This paper has been prepared to introduce and present original contributions from scholars in economics, management and sociology, that are collected in a book entitled The Shift to the Entrepreneurial Society: A Built Economy in Education, Sustainability and Regulation, to be published by Edward Elgar Publishing in July 2012.

The added value of implicit motives for management research Development and first validation of a Brief Implicit Association Test (BIAT) for the measurement of implicit motives

Many Management (sub-)disciplines, from Organizational Behavior and Marketing to Accounting and Strategy, are interested in antecedents and consequences of individual attitudes and traits. A key aspect of personality profiles are explicit and implicit motives. Yet, Management scholars mainly focus on explicit motives, with limited attention to implicit motives. We argue that this state of affairs probably came into being because current Management researchers mainly rely on implicit motive measures that are either difficult to apply or to develop, hampering researchers from applying implicit motive measures. To overcome the downsides of available instruments, we develop a Brief Implicit Association Test (BIAT) as an efficient, reliable and valid measure of implicit motives, particularly the needs for achievement, affiliation and power. To explore our BIAT’s predictive validity, we apply this measure to a specific research domain within Management: Entrepreneurship. We examine implicit motives’ association with entrepreneurial self-efficacy, business founding, and financial profitability. Our results show that the introduction of implicit motives can unlock stranded discussions in this research domain. Overall, we argue that implicit motives can help to push the boundaries of the study of deep-level attributes in a wide range of organizational and managerial settings.

A journey into the entrepreneurial society: Institutions, Behaviors and Outcomes

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Exploring the Entrepreneurial Society

This timely book explores different aspects of the entrepreneurial society from a theoretical and empirical perspective. Renowned entrepreneurship scholars examine how formal and informal institutions affect the entrepreneurial society. They take examples from particular countries to see how the institutional context affects entrepreneurial behaviour, entrepreneurial finance, economic growth and society. They also investigate how the worldwide economic crisis has affected entrepreneurism in different countries.

Contemporary Entrepreneurship: An Overview

The analysis of modern capitalism is an analysis of economic, occupational and social dynamics, which are inherent to capitalism and which give color and contribute to the speed of economic development. New terms and semantics diffuse into our vocabulary, such as economy 5.0, 2.0 world, iConomy, or cloud working, which transport ideas of economic and social progress, prosperity and well-being. These terms are closely linked to thought about entrepreneurship and individual entrepreneurs in a changing world. The article provides a brief overview and introduction to selected elements of that discussion. Specifically, by referring to classics such as Adam Smith, Joseph Schumpeter and Israel Kirzner, authors endeavor to relate contemporary entrepreneurship to items of classic thought in the history of economics. The evolving discussion leads automatically to recent research questions. Finally, the structure of the book is explained and the individual sections and contributions are introduced.

Does the regional dimension matter as regards finance and entrepreneurship

Not only growth but better growth is required to address the tremendous challenges that European economies are facing. More entrepreneurs and more entrepreneurial firms -new and innovative firms- can contribute. A variety of factors may be considered to promote entrepreneurship among young people, and innovative activities among firms. Education is certainly one of the most relevant. The need to create a more favourable social climate for new businesses requires not only changing the state of mind but also improving globally the skills of entrepreneurs. It is also important to identify the most favourable context for the creation and development of sustainable, innovative companies, especially during economic crisis. This paper has been prepared to introduce and present original contributions from scholars in economics, management and sociology, that are collected in a book entitled The Shift to the Entrepreneurial Society: A Built Economy in Education, Sustainability and Regulation, to be published by Edward Elgar Publishing in July 2012.