Marcus V. Tres

Influência da temperatura na solubilidade de beta-caroteno em solventes orgânicos à pressão ambiente

This work reports experimental data of the solubility of b-carotene in pure acetone, ethyl acetate, ethanol and dichloromethane and in mixtures of these organic solvents in the temperature range of 10 to 60 °C under ambient pressure. The gravimetric method was employed to determine the solubility, using glass equilibrium cells. The results showed that the best solvents were those having solubility parameter values close to that of the solute. It was found that raising the temperature caused the solute solubility values for both pure and solvent mixtures to increase under all the experimental conditions. Moreover, no synergetic effects were observed on the solubility of b-carotene in solvent mixtures compared to pure solvents in the temperature range investigated. The UNIFAC model proved to be useful in predicting the solubility data.

Solvent recovery from soybean oil/n-butane mixtures using a hollow fiber ultrafiltration membrane

The aim of this work was the study on the separation of soybean oil/n-butane mixtures using a commercial hollow fiber ultrafiltration membrane (50 kDa). Oil/n-butane mixtures with mass ratios of 1:1 and 1:3 (wt), with the feed pressures of 5, 7 and 10 bar and transmembrane pressure of 1 bar were studied. Rejections of oil between 21 to 97.2%, oil fluxes between 0.04 and 0.98 kg/m2 h and n-butane fluxes between 4 and 46 kg/m2 h were observed, strongly influenced by the feed concentration. The increase in oil/n-butane mass ratio caused an increase in oil rejection and a decrease in the permeate flux of oil for most assays. The increase in the operating pressure caused an increase in oil flux and a consequent decrease in oil rejection. No degradation was observed in the membrane module during the operation with this non-aqueous feed stream, as confirmed by integrity tests.

Supercritical CO2 extraction, chemical characterisation and antioxidant potential of Brassica oleracea var capitata against HO, O2·- and ROO

In this work were extracted bioactive compounds from Brassica oleracea var capitata using supercritical CO2 and evaluated the antioxidant potential of the extracts. Five extractions were accomplished to investigate the influence of pressure (10-25 MPa) and temperature (20-60 °C) in the extraction yield, chemical composition and antioxidant potential towards peroxyl, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. The highest extraction yield was obtained at 60 °C and 25 MPa, which was 0.47 wt% (run 2). In the characterisation of the extracts obtained was possible the identification of sulforaphane and iberin nitrile that present known biological properties. The extracts of all runs presented antioxidant activities towards the three radicals, but the highest activities for all radicals were using the extracts obtained in the run 2. The use of supercritical CO2 extraction to obtain bioactive compounds of B. oleracea var capitata showed to be a promising alternative to conventional extraction methods, since allowed the extraction of compounds with scientific and industrial interest.

Solvent recovery from soybean oil/n-hexane mixtures using hollow fiber membrane

In this work, the separation of refined soybean oil/n-hexane mixtures was investigated using a commercial hollow fiber ultrafiltration membrane 50 kDa. Three alcohols with different chain lengths were tested for the conditioning of the membrane; n-propyl alcohol showed the highest n-hexane permeate flux after conditioning. There was a decrease in the rejection and an increase in permeate flux over time. This behavior may be related to swelling and membrane plasticization by the oil. Rejections from 10.0 to 28.7% and total permeate fluxes from 12.2 to 65.3 kg/m2h were observed. An increase in the oil/n-hexane mass ratio and the pressure caused an increase in the rejection and permeate total flux for most assays. No degradation was observed in the membrane module.

Addendum to issue 1 - ENZITEC 2012Influence of ultrasound and compressed liquefied petroleum gas on xylanase activity

Abstract Xylanase treated with ultrasound showed activities about two times higher than those obtained in its absence for temperatures ranging from 39 to 47°C. In the absence of ultrasound the enzyme activity was about 4–10 times higher compared with the activities determined in the presence of ultrasound for temperatures higher than 56°C. Treatment with compressed LPG led to an increase of about 250% in the enzyme activity for a system pressure of 30 bar, 50°C and 1 h of exposure. On the other hand, it was shown that enzyme treatment combining compressed LPG and ultrasound did not improve xylanase activity under any experimental conditions tested. These results obtained here are promising for industrial application in the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose for the production of fuels and chemicals, since rapid treatment of xylanase with compressed LPG or ultrasound is a novel procedure which provided a significant increase in activity.

Desolventizing of Jatropha curcas oil from azeotropes of solvents using ceramic membranes

ABSTRACT The separation of Jatropha curcas oil from azeotropes of ethyl alcohol–n-hexane and isopropyl alcohol–n-hexane using ceramic membranes with different cutoffs (5, 10 and 20 kDa) is presented. The mass ratios of oil:azeotropes (O:S) studied were 1:3 for feeding pressures of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 MPa, and 1:1 for the feeding pressure of 0.1 MPa. Isopropyl alcohol was the best solvent for the membranes conditioning to permeate n-hexane (240 kg/m2 h). In the separation of J. curcas oil and azeotropes of solvents, both membranes showed oil retention and total flux decreases with time. Overall, the lowest decrease in the retentions was reached in the 5 kDa membrane, while the lowest decrease in the total flux was reached in the 20 kDa. In the separation of oil and ethyl alcohol–n-hexane azeotrope, the best retention at 60 min of the process was equal to 17.3 wt% in the 20 kDa membrane at 0.3 MPa and O:S ratio equalled to 1:3. In this condition, the total permeate flux was 17.5 kg/m2 h. Different retentions and permeabilities are provided when changing the O:S ratio, the feeding pressure and the molecular weight cutoff of membranes. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Desolventizing of soybean oil/azeotrope mixtures using ceramic membranes

ABSTRACT This work investigates the use of ceramic membranes with different molecular weight cut-offs (MWCOs: 5, 10 and 20 kDa) to desolventize azeotropic solvent mixtures (ethanol/n-hexane and isopropyl alcohol/n-hexane) from soybean oil/azeotrope micelles. Results show that a decrease in the MWCO of a membrane and an increase in the solvent mass ratio in the mixture resulted in a significant reduction in the permeate flux. The 20 kDa membrane presented the highest permeate flux, 80 and 60 kg/m2h for the soybean oil/n-hexane/isopropyl alcohol and soybean oil/n-hexane/ethanol azeotropes, respectively, for an oil to solvent ratio of 1:3 (w/w). The highest oil retention was found using the n-hexane/isopropyl alcohol azeotrope, around 25% in the membrane with the lowest MWCO, that is, 5 kDa. It is shown that the azeotropic mixtures provided intermediate characteristics compared to the original pure solvent behavior.

Concentration of metabolites from Phoma sp. using microfiltration membrane for increasing bioherbicidal activity

ABSTRACT This study is focused on the concentration of fermented broth from Phoma sp. to increase its herbicidal activity. For this purpose, biomolecules produced by submerged fermentation using Phoma sp. were concentrated by hollow fiber microfiltration membranes. The membrane feed was separated into two streams (retentate and permeate) and the crude broth was concentrated to 10, 30, 50, 70 and 90% (relative to the initial volume). The retentate samples were submitted to bioassays (triplicate) for evaluating their phytotoxic effects on five young leaves of species of Cucumis sativus and also on pre-emergence of weeds as Bidens pilosa and Amaranthus retroflexus. The highest herbicidal activity was 80.7% obtained for a concentration of 30% in the retentate fraction. At this condition, the bioherbicide presented severe damage symptoms on the detached leaves of Cucumis sativus if compared to the crude fermented broth. In the pre-emergence of B. pilosa and A. retroflexus, 100% control was obtained for assays performed in a germination chamber. For greenhouse assays using the substrate, the control rate of A. retroflexus was dependent of concentration of bioherbicide. The promising results achieved in the research with membrane separation process allow us to propose and develop further studies for evaluating this technology in the concentration of other metabolites produced by fermentation which also have bioherbicidal activity. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Extracts from Lupinus albescens: antioxidant power and antifungal activity in vitro against phytopathogenic fungi

ABSTRACT Fungi are considered the most damaging microorganisms in agriculture. The indiscriminate use of chemical treatments in agricultural products causes the development of pest resistance and affects human health. An alternative to synthetic fungicides is the use of natural products such as plant extracts for the management of fungal diseases in plants. Extracts from different parts of Lupinus albescens (roots, stalks, leaves, and flowers) were obtained by extraction using supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) or compressed liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Thereafter, the antioxidant activity of each extract was measured, and the antifungal activity in vitro of extracts was evaluated against Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium verticillioides. For a concentration of 5000 mg/L, the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) ranged from 29.25 μg/mL to 192.96 μg/mL. Antifungal tests showed that all matrices presented inhibitory effect against both fungi tested. The extracts obtained from roots by CO2 and LPG presented 70.1% and 65.1% inhibition against F. oxysporum, and 67.8% and 61.2% inhibition against F. verticillioides, respectively. These results suggest that the extracts obtained from L. albescens by extractions using supercritical CO2 and compressed LPG might be a potential source of antioxidants and natural fungicides.

Cellulases for Food Applications

Abstract Enzymes are important additives in the food industry with a wide range of applications. Cellulases are used in different food processing units, thus presenting a fundamental role in improving the extraction and clarification of fruit and vegetable juices; improving cloud stability and texture, and decreasing viscosity of nectars and purees from tropical fruits; improving extraction of olive oil; and altering the texture, flavor, and other sensory properties such as aroma and volatile characteristics of fruits and vegetables. In this way, this chapter presents the state-of-the-art of the applications of cellulase in the food industry, focusing on the mentioned topics.