Mari C. Jones

Language change : the interplay of internal, external and extra-linguistic factors

This volume focuses on the interface of different motivating factors that contribute to language change. It combines linguistic case studies with current theoretical debate and contains hitherto unpublished data from English, French, Karaim, Modern Greek, Jordanian, Spanish, Latin and Arabic.

Some structural and social correlates of single word intrasentential code-switching in Jersey Norman French

This article investigates single word intrasentential code-switching in obsolescent Jersey Norman French. It considers the relationship between code-switched forms and borrowings and, via an analysis of flagging strategies, reveals that speakers seem to differentiate between these two types of contact form. On the basis of the findings, it is suggested that the presence of self-correction as a flagging device may warrant further investigation as a possible criterion for distinguishing code-switches and borrowings. The switching patterns of individual informants are also examined and it is demonstrated that a speakers attitude towards the dialect seems to have a bearing on the extent to which they code-switch.

Exploring language change

1. Introduction 2. Discussion 3. Language Birth 4. Language Death 5. Language Planning 6. Language Revival 7. Language Invention. Bibliography. Useful Websites

The Subjunctive in Guernsey Norman French

Despite the fact that a French (Norman) dialect has been spoken on Guernsey for over a thousand years, very little work has been done on this variety. This paper begins to redress that balance by investigating the position of the subjunctive mood in spoken and written Guernsey Norman French. As well as considering the vitality of the present and imperfect subjunctive and documenting their usage in so-called ‘grammar book’ contexts, the moods morphology is examined, revealing in some cases survival of forms found in the medieval Norman dialect. Furthermore, it is found that the conditional tense may replace the subjunctive in certain contexts and possible reasons for this are also examined.

Keeping languages alive : documentation, pedagogy, and revitalization

12.192–94. Green, Antony Dubach. 2006. The independence of phonology and morphology: The Celtic mutations. Lingua 116.11.1946–85. DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2004.09.002. Hammond, Michael. 2015. Review of The phonology of Welsh, by S. J. Hannahs. Lingua 165.PartA.173–78. DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2015.08.002. Hannahs, S. J. 2013. Celtic initial mutation: Pattern extraction and subcategorisation. Word Structure 6.1.1–20. DOI: 10.3366/word.2013.0033. Iosad, Pavel. 2010. Right at the left edge: Initial consonant mutations in the languages of the world. Rethinking universals: How rarities affect linguistic theory (Empirical approaches to language typology 45), ed. by Jan Wohlgemuth and Michael Cysouw, 105–37. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Janda, Richard D., and Brian D. Joseph. 1992. Meta-templates and the underlying (dis)unity of Sanskrit reduplication. Eastern States Conference on Linguistics (ESCOL ’91) 8.160–73. Mondon, Jean-Francois R. 2014. Review of The phonology of Welsh, by S. J. Hannahs. LINGUISTList 25.4632. Online: http://www.linguistlist.org/issues/25/25-4632.html. Morris, Jonathan. 2015. Review of The phonology of Welsh, by S. J. Hannahs. Linguistische Berichte 242. 197–99. Stewart, Thomas W. 2004. Mutation as morphology: Bases, stems, and shapes in Scottish Gaelic. Columbus: The Ohio State University dissertation. Stewart, Thomas W. 2015. Contemporary morphological theories: A user’s guide. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Stump, Gregory T. 2001. Inflectional morphology: A theory of paradigm structure. (Cambridge studies in linguistics 93.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Zwicky, Arnold M. 1990. Syntactic representations and phonological shapes. The phonology-syntax interface, ed. by Sharon Inkelas and Draga Zec, 379–97. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, and Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications. Zwicky, Arnold M. 1992. Some choices in the theory of morphology. Formal grammar: Theory and implementation, ed. by Robert D. Levine, 327–71. New York: Oxford University Press.

Variation and Change in Mainland and Insular Norman

In this book, Mari C. Jones examines how contact with its two typologically different superstrates has led the Norman dialect to diverge linguistically within mainland Normandy and the Channel Islands.

European Dialect Syntax : Towards an infrastructure for documentation and research of endangered dialects.

Dialects have not hitherto played a very prominent role in the field of endangered language documentation and research - and for understandable reasons. Given the large number of endangered languages, the work that needs to be done in this field is already overwhelming. Moreover, as even a so-called ‘small language’ area such as Dutch is fragmented into over 200 dialects, including dialects in the endangered language enterprise would lead to an explosion of varieties to be documented. However, this chapter argues that there are compelling reasons to include them. To make the documentation and analysis of dialects feasible, an online research infrastructure is needed, where linguists can store and access the relevant data and where they can co-operate in the description and analysis of these data. This chapter describes the European Dialect Syntax project (2005-2112) (hereafter, Edisyn), which attempts to establish a documentation and research infrastructure for the (endangered) dialects of Europe (and beyond). Its main focus is on syntactic variation. The new technology used by Edisyn provides access to large amounts of dialect data that were previously not available to the linguist.

Auregnais: Insular Norman's Invisible Relative

Insular Norman was, for the most part, the main everyday language of the Channel Islands until the twentieth century. Today, the Norman dialects spoken in Jersey, Guernsey and Sark are all severely endangered. The dialect of Alderney (Auregnais) is extinct and has disappeared with very little trace. This study explores the reason why the Channel Island geographically closest to the Norman mainland was the first to lose its Norman tongue. It considers the sources that can be examined for Auregnais in the nineteenth century, when it was still a living language, in order to determine what linguistic information can be uncovered about this seemingly invisible variety of Insular Norman and attempts to provide an outline of some of the linguistic features of Auregnais set alongside those of other varieties of Norman.

Keeping Languages Alive: List of tables

12.192–94. Green, Antony Dubach. 2006. The independence of phonology and morphology: The Celtic mutations. Lingua 116.11.1946–85. DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2004.09.002. Hammond, Michael. 2015. Review of The phonology of Welsh, by S. J. Hannahs. Lingua 165.PartA.173–78. DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2015.08.002. Hannahs, S. J. 2013. Celtic initial mutation: Pattern extraction and subcategorisation. Word Structure 6.1.1–20. DOI: 10.3366/word.2013.0033. Iosad, Pavel. 2010. Right at the left edge: Initial consonant mutations in the languages of the world. Rethinking universals: How rarities affect linguistic theory (Empirical approaches to language typology 45), ed. by Jan Wohlgemuth and Michael Cysouw, 105–37. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Janda, Richard D., and Brian D. Joseph. 1992. Meta-templates and the underlying (dis)unity of Sanskrit reduplication. Eastern States Conference on Linguistics (ESCOL ’91) 8.160–73. Mondon, Jean-Francois R. 2014. Review of The phonology of Welsh, by S. J. Hannahs. LINGUISTList 25.4632. Online: http://www.linguistlist.org/issues/25/25-4632.html. Morris, Jonathan. 2015. Review of The phonology of Welsh, by S. J. Hannahs. Linguistische Berichte 242. 197–99. Stewart, Thomas W. 2004. Mutation as morphology: Bases, stems, and shapes in Scottish Gaelic. Columbus: The Ohio State University dissertation. Stewart, Thomas W. 2015. Contemporary morphological theories: A user’s guide. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Stump, Gregory T. 2001. Inflectional morphology: A theory of paradigm structure. (Cambridge studies in linguistics 93.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Zwicky, Arnold M. 1990. Syntactic representations and phonological shapes. The phonology-syntax interface, ed. by Sharon Inkelas and Draga Zec, 379–97. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, and Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications. Zwicky, Arnold M. 1992. Some choices in the theory of morphology. Formal grammar: Theory and implementation, ed. by Robert D. Levine, 327–71. New York: Oxford University Press.

Keeping Languages Alive: List of figures

12.192–94. Green, Antony Dubach. 2006. The independence of phonology and morphology: The Celtic mutations. Lingua 116.11.1946–85. DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2004.09.002. Hammond, Michael. 2015. Review of The phonology of Welsh, by S. J. Hannahs. Lingua 165.PartA.173–78. DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2015.08.002. Hannahs, S. J. 2013. Celtic initial mutation: Pattern extraction and subcategorisation. Word Structure 6.1.1–20. DOI: 10.3366/word.2013.0033. Iosad, Pavel. 2010. Right at the left edge: Initial consonant mutations in the languages of the world. Rethinking universals: How rarities affect linguistic theory (Empirical approaches to language typology 45), ed. by Jan Wohlgemuth and Michael Cysouw, 105–37. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Janda, Richard D., and Brian D. Joseph. 1992. Meta-templates and the underlying (dis)unity of Sanskrit reduplication. Eastern States Conference on Linguistics (ESCOL ’91) 8.160–73. Mondon, Jean-Francois R. 2014. Review of The phonology of Welsh, by S. J. Hannahs. LINGUISTList 25.4632. Online: http://www.linguistlist.org/issues/25/25-4632.html. Morris, Jonathan. 2015. Review of The phonology of Welsh, by S. J. Hannahs. Linguistische Berichte 242. 197–99. Stewart, Thomas W. 2004. Mutation as morphology: Bases, stems, and shapes in Scottish Gaelic. Columbus: The Ohio State University dissertation. Stewart, Thomas W. 2015. Contemporary morphological theories: A user’s guide. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Stump, Gregory T. 2001. Inflectional morphology: A theory of paradigm structure. (Cambridge studies in linguistics 93.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Zwicky, Arnold M. 1990. Syntactic representations and phonological shapes. The phonology-syntax interface, ed. by Sharon Inkelas and Draga Zec, 379–97. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, and Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications. Zwicky, Arnold M. 1992. Some choices in the theory of morphology. Formal grammar: Theory and implementation, ed. by Robert D. Levine, 327–71. New York: Oxford University Press.