Maria Antonia Garau

Characterisation and evolution of a soil affected by olive oil mill wastewater disposal

A location used for 10 years as an uncontrolled olive oil mill wastewater disposal site is studied in this work. Once it was closed the sedimented solid waste on the soil surface was removed. In order to evaluate the influence upon soil characteristics, morphological aspects and analytical parameters of a soil profile from the affected zone are compared to those of a control soil located near the landfill. The residual contamination levels in the underlying soil are determined. The results show that the wastewater infiltration in the soil has caused carbonate dissolution and redistribution and modifications in pH values, electrical conductivity, nutrient contents, phenolic compounds and biological activity of the horizons. Removal of waste, natural leaching and biological activity, in time, led to an effective decrease in electrical conductivity and phenolic compounds, although residual levels can be important even 2 years later.

Terrestrial ecotoxicity of short aliphatic protic ionic liquids

A study of the ecotoxicity of different short aliphatic protic ionic liquids (PILs) on terrestrial organisms was conducted. Tests performed within the present study include those assessing the effects of PILs on soil microbial functions (carbon and nitrogen mineralization) and terrestrial plants. The results show that the nominal lowest-observed-adverse-effect concentration (LOAEC) values were 5,000 mg/kg (dry soil) for the plant test in two species (Lolium perenne, Allium cepa), 1,000 mg/kg (dry soil) for the plant test in one species (Raphanus sativus), and 10,000 mg/kg (dry soil) for carbon and nitrogen microbial transformation tests (all concentrations are nominal). Most of the median effective concentration values (EC50) were above 1,000 mg/kg (dry soil). Based on the obtained results, these compounds can be described as nontoxic for soil microbiota and the analyzed plants, and potentially biodegradable in soils, as can be deduced from the respirometric experiment. The toxicity rises with the increase of complexity of the PILs molecule (branch and length of aliphatic chain) among the three PILs analyzed.

Ecotoxicity of chlorophenolic compounds depending on soil characteristics

Three chlorophenolic compounds (2-chlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, and pentachlorophenol) were tested to assess their effects on two soils with different properties: a granitic soil (Haplic Arenosol) and a calcareous one (Calcaric Regosol). Different concentrations of the pollutants (ranging from 0.001 to 10,000 mg kg(-1) soil, d.w.) were assayed for their effects on soil microbial activity and composition, using manometric respirometry and PCR-DGGE analysis, respectively. Other ecotoxicity tests such as Lactuca sativa seedling growth in the contaminated soils and algal growth inhibition (Pseudokirschneriella subcapitata) in their water extracts were done. The behaviour of the pollutants in the soils with respect to biodegradability and volatilization was also investigated. In the Haplic Arenosol, volatilization is the main process affecting 2-chlorophenol. Degradation and fixation of this compound in the soil matrix are favored in the Calcaric Regosol. This is the least toxic pollutant assayed. For 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, the soil pH is a critical parameter in the toxicity assays due to the neutral pKa of the compound. It is toxic in the soil microbial activity assay, but some recovery of the biotic processes can be observed, particularly in the Calcaric Regosol. This compound is more toxic in the Haplic Arenosol than in the Calcaric Regosol. Pentachlorophenol is ionized in both soils due to its low pKa, increasing its water solubility. It is highly toxic to the soil microbiota, thus inhibiting respiration, biodegradation and other biotic dissipation processes. Plant and alga tests, were more sensitive than soil microbial tests, except for PCP. The microbial populations tend to show changes at lower concentrations than the microbial activity. Some soil types (abundant in the Mediterranean area), with alkaline pH and fine textures could show higher level of ecotoxicity for ionizable organic pollutants than the soil type recommended by the OECD in ecotoxicity testing.

Contamination levels in the soils affected by the flood from Aznalcóllar (Spain).

This study examines the soils affected by the accidental spillage and subsequent flood of pyritic liquids and sludge (a total of 4.5 Hm3) from a flotation plant for complex sulfides in Aznalcóllar (Spain). Two samplings were taken, the first 15 days and the second 3 months after the flood. Potentially toxic elements (PTE) in aqua regia and aqueous extracts were analyzed by ICP. X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy techniques were also used. The objective of this work was to determine the degree of contamination of the soils, the depths and variations with time, as well as the factors determining the presence of contaminants in the soil. Generally speaking, the soils affected are contaminated by Zn, Cu, Pb, As, and Cd at different degrees and depths depending on their particular conditions. En este trabajo se realiza un estudio de los suelos afectados por el vertido accidental de aguas ácidas y lodos piríticos provenientes de una planta de flotación de sulfuros complejos en Aznalcóllar (España). Se realizaron dos muestreos, el primero al cabo de quince días y el segundo tres meses después del vertido. Se han determinado las concentraciones de elementos potencialmente tóxicos (EPT) presentes en extractos acuosos y en agua regia de las muestras. Asimismo se han utilizado técnicas de difracción de rayos X y microscopía electrónica con el fin de localizar la presencia de partículas de lodos contaminantes en los suelos muestreados. Los objetivos de este trabajo consisten en el determinación del grado de contaminación de los suelos, la profundidad y variaciones en el tiempo, así como los factores que determinan la presencia de contaminantes en el suelo. En general los suelos afectados están contaminados por Zn, Cu, Pb, As y Cd, en distintos grados y profundidades, en función de sus condiciones particulares.