María Dolores Marrodán Serrano

Obesidad y circunferencia de la cintura en adolescentes madrileños

El incremento de la obesidad infantil es marcado y preve un futuro de trastornos relacionados, en la edad adulta de estos ninos. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la prevalencia de sobrepeso, obesidad y el exceso de grasa abdominal, en un grupo de adolescentes madrilenos a partir de la valoracion del Indice de Masa Corporal, la grasa corporal total y la circunferencia de la cintura. Se estudiaron 407 ninos (183 ninas, 224 ninos), entre 13 y 17 anos de edad, alumnos de centros educativos de la Comunidad de Madrid durante el ano 2005. Se realizo la evaluacion antropometrica a traves del peso, la estatura, la circunferencia de la cintura y los pliegues cutaneos de grasa. De acuerdo al Indice de Masa Corporal se observo que el 18,2 % de los ninos y el 24,1 % de las ninas se clasificaron en las categorias de sobrepeso y obesidad. La circunferencia de la cintura aumento de forma significativa con la edad en el sexo masculino, en ambos sexos cifras altas de este indicador aparecieron acompanadas de sobrepeso y obesidad, tendencia mas marcada en el sexo femenino; entre las adolescentes los valores de los indicadores de adiposidad llegaron en algunas edades a superar los valores considerados de riesgo para la poblacion adulta. La deteccion precoz de estos problemas constituye un elemento importante para la prevencion de la morbilidad y la mortalidad de la poblacion adulta.

Factores determinantes del índice de masa corporal en escolares españoles a partir de las Encuestas Nacionales de Salud

INTRODUCTION Spanish National Health Surveys do not establish synergistic relations between variables. The purpose of this study was to perform a deeper historical analysis of body mass index (BMI) and its relation to other parameters included in the questionnaire for children. MATERIAL AND METHODS Data from interviews conducted (between 1987 and 2006) to parents and guardians of schoolchildren aged 9-15 years were analyzed. Height and weight reported by parents were selected and used to calculate BMI. Subjects were stratified by age, gender, time spent sleeping and watching television and, finally, frequency of physical activity. The historical trend of BMI and its dependence on the above factors were analyzed using ANOVA tests. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Significant weight and height increases were seen, which were more marked in boys aged 12 to 15 years. Influence of physical activity on BMI was shown, but decreased (P<.001) as exercise time increased. By contrast, BMI increased (P<.001) as time spent watching television increased. On the other hand, the role of sleep as modulator of body size was confirmed, since schoolchildren aged 9-11 years who slept over 9h had lower BMIs (P<.001). In subjects aged 12 to 15, BMI decreased (P<.001) from 6h of sleep.

Relationship Between Physical Measures of Anthropometry and Bioimpedance Measures

The purpose of this chapter is to compare the results of body composition obtained by anthropometry and by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA). A brief review of the physical and biological bases of BIA is conducted and the main types of devices on the market are described. They are classified according to the range of frequencies (single or multiple frequencies) and the number of electrodes (bipolar, tetrapolar, octopolar). BIA equations for use in children and adults according to age and sex are offered and the statistical methods for checking agreement between the results obtained by BIA and by anthropometry. This point is illustrated with examples from two studies conducted by the authors. The first one corresponds to 106 young adults that were analyzed simultaneously by anthropometry, two BIA bipolar analyzers (OMRON BF-306 and LAICA EP1340) and one tetrapolar BIA analyzer (Holtain BC). The second example is based on a sample of 86 schoolchildren analyzed by anthropometry and a BIA tetrapolar device (Bodystat 1500). The bipolar monitors, also called regional, produce results that depend on fat distribution in the individual. This means that results vary depending on fat location in the upper or lower segment of the body. In contrast, a tetrapolar analyzer offers values which are independent of the localization of fat deposits. The final result is a better match between fat percentage obtained by type scale BIA analyzer and anthropometry in females and between type hand BIA analyzer and anthropometry in males. Tetrapolar devices are more accurate in the paediatric age.

Prevalence of the Metabolically Healthy Phenotype in Overweight and Obese Spanish Adults

The EPINUT research group (reference 920325) at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid conducts research into the links between obesity and cardiovascular risk in Spain, in partnership with Arkopharma Pharmaceutical laboratories and the Spanish Society of Dietetics and Food Sciences (Sociedad Española de Dietética y Alimentación [SEDCA]). Here we present preliminary data on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome components and the ‘‘metabolically healthy’’ phenotype in a large population of adults with overweight or obesity. Cross-sectional data were collected from 7972 study participants (6683 women and 1289 men) with a body mass index (BMI) 25. Participants were aged 18 to 74 years and were recruited by Arkopharma dieticians during consultations at 137 locations distributed across 47 of the 50 Spanish provinces. Recruitment took place between January 15, 2013 and February 15, 2014, and the study population represents 85.50% of patients treated in this period. The study was conducted in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki. For each participant, measurements were taken of body height (cm), body mass (kg), and waist circumference (cm), and BMI (body mass in kg divided by the square of body height in m) and the waist-to-height ratio were calculated. Hypertension, hyperglycemia, and hypercholesterolemia were assessed from blood pressure, serum glucose, and serum cholesterol recordings according to International Diabetes Federation criteria. Participants were also considered to have these metabolic syndrome components if they were taking specific medication to control them. Participants with normal values for these parameters were considered metabolically healthy. Study participants were classified according to age (18-24, 25-34, 35-44, 45-54, 55-64, and 65-74 years) and BMI range (overweight: BMI 25.0-29.9 kg/m; grade-1 obesity: BMI 30.034.9 kg/m; grade-2 obesity: BMI 35.0-39.9 kg/m; grade-3 obesity: BMI > 39.9 kg/m). Between-category comparisons were made with Student’s t test and the ANOVA and chi-square tests, using SPSSv.21.0. Within the study population, 50.1% of men and 42.5% of women were hypertensive ( 130/85 mmHg). The figures were similar for hypercholesterolemia, which affected 47.3% of men (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol <40 mg/dL) and 42.3% of women (highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol < 50 mg/dL). Elevated fasting glucose ( 100 mg/dL) was recorded in 25.5% of men and 20% of women. For all 3 of these metabolic syndrome components, differences were statistically significant (P < .001) between the youngest participants (18-24 years) and the oldest (65-74 years). The prevalence of the metabolically healthy phenotype declined significantly with obesity grade (P < .001) and was higher for women in all BMI categories (P < .001) (Table 1). The overall proportion of metabolically healthy obese participants (31.7%) was similar to that reported in a series of 11 520 Spanish adults (28.9%). Among male participants, 27.1% had only 1 metabolic syndrome component, 17.5% had 2, and 7.4% had all 3 (hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and hyperglycemia). A lower proportion of women had metabolic-syndrome components (P < .05): 24.9% had 1 component, 12.5% had 2, and 4.7% had all 3. Table 2 shows the relationship between the number of metabolic syndrome components and age category. The proportion of metabolically healthy participants declined with age, and the decline was particularly notable from the age of 45 years. The instability of healthy obesity was highlighted by an 11-year study of 1051 participants aged 18 to 65 years in Pizarra (Málaga, Spain), which showed the importance of considering how long an individual has been overweight. Further important information came from a 20-year study of 2561 adults in the UK aged 19 to 62 years; by the end of the study, half of the obese participants who initially had no other risk factors had developed a metabolic Rev Esp Cardiol. 2016;69(2):216–228

ASSESSMENT OF SOMATIC MATURATION OF VENEZUELAN ADOLESCENTS.

INTRODUCTION beginning of adolescence comprises important physical modifications, which affects growth and changes in body composition, therefore it is important to consider maturation assessment. OBJECTIVE to develop a non-invasive method to assess maturity status in Venezuelan adolescents from peak height velocity (PHV) by means of anthropometric variables in a cross-sectional sample. METHODS data comprised 681 Venezuelan adolescents 9 up to 18 years of age. Mirwald equation was applied to derived PHV. Regression analysis was used in order to build a model for Venezuelan sample as well as, ROC curves to assess sensitivity and specificity of anthropometric variables. RESULTS the predictive equations for both sexes, exhibited a high determination coefficient (< 0.99) and a minimal estimation error (0.06). Mean decimal age at categories of PHV obtained by both equations: criterion and model, were very similar (13.27 vs. 13.39) for boys, and (11.62 vs. 11.77) for girls. Bland-Altman plot showed a tight concordance between the two equations and all anthropometric indices, exhibited high area under the curve > 0.75, specially sitting height. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION in Venezuela, there is little work based on longitudinal studies of the maturation status. Giving the difficult faced in the longitudinal studies recent works have been used cross-sectional methodology in the assessment of the somatic maturation, both in non athletic and athletic populations. This study provides predicting equations for the assessment of the somatic maturation adjusted to Venezuelan population developed from Mirwald equation, which may be used to aid in evaluation of nutritional and general health, as well as, a reduction of risks associated with miss-classification for chronological age.