Maria Isabel do Nascimento

Gestações complicadas por sífilis materna e óbito fetal

PURPOSE: To describe the characteristics of pregnancies complicated by maternal syphilis and fetal death. METHODS: Retrospective descriptive study performed by reviewing the medical records of 48 pregnant women with maternal syphilis and fetal death outcome admitted to Hospital Geral de Nova Iguacu, Baixada Fluminense, State of Rio de Janeiro, during the period from 2005 to 2008. Birth weight >500 g and fetal death documented by Death Certificate were the inclusion criteria. The following aspects were analyzed: sociodemographic factors, reproductive history, aspects of the current pregnancy, prenatal care, Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) testing, and other gestational conditions, in addition to syphilis. The fetal deaths were classified as maternal, placental or fetal. Percentage, mean, standard deviation (SD), maximum and minimum values were reported. RESULTS: The mean maternal age was 22.7 years (SD=0.9 years), and at least 50% of the patients had low educational level. At hospital admission, 68.8% of the subjects were in the third trimester, with a mean gestational age of 29.2 weeks (SD=0.5), and more than 50% were in labor. The vast majority of fetal deaths (93%) occurred before maternal hospitalization. Among the patients who received prenatal care (54.2%), 30.8% had no VDRL test, 30.8 and 15.4% had a reactive and non-reactive result, respectively, and none had more than one prenatal VDRL test. At the time of childbirth, most of the mothers (95.8%) carried out VDRL testing. Overall, the VDRL titers varied from 1:1 to 1:512, with predominant values >1:4 (91.7%). In 23% of cases other clinical conditions related to fetal death, in addition to syphilis, were found. CONCLUSIONS: The infection was the main clinically identified cause of fetal death in this patient series. Fetal death occurred during the preterm period and in the presence of high titers of maternal infection, suggesting recent syphilis infection.

Características de um grupo de adolescentes com suspeita de neoplasia intra-epitelial cervical

OBJETIVO: avaliar a prevalencia de alteracoes citologicas, colposcopicas e histopatologicas observadas no colo uterino de adolescentes com suspeita de neoplasia cervical e as correlacoes epidemiologicas, compararando com mulheres adultas jovens. METODOS: estudo transversal, retrospectivo de revisao de 366 prontuarios de mulheres encaminhadas para esclarecimento diagnostico com suspeita de neoplasia cervical. As pacientes foram classificadas em dois grupos definidos por idade. O grupo Adolescente foi composto por 129 mulheres de 13 a 19 anos e o grupo Adulta foi composto por 237 mulheres de 20 a 24 anos. Foram calculados razao de prevalencia (RP), respectivos intervalos de confianca (IC) a 95% para cada variavel, teste c2 ou teste exato de Fisher quando aplicavel para comparacao das proporcoes. RESULTADOS: a sexarca ocorreu em media aos 15,0 anos no grupo Adolescente e 16,6 anos no grupo Adulta. A chance de diagnostico de alteracoes citologicas no primeiro exame realizado (RP=2,61; IC 95%: 2,0-3,4), a condicao neoplasia intra-epitelial cervical (NIC) a esclarecer (RP=1,78; IC 95%: 1,26-2,52) e a colposcopia de baixo grau (RP=1,42; IC 95%: 1,08-1,86) foram estatisticamente significantes no grupo Adolescente. A analise histopatologica nao mostrou diferencas para qualquer grau de NIC. Entretanto, foram identificados dois casos de carcinoma microinvasor, sendo um em cada grupo, e tres casos de carcinoma invasor no grupo Adulta. CONCLUSAO: nosso estudo sugere que o câncer de colo uterino e raro na adolescencia, mas verificamos que alteracoes a ele associadas aconteceram em mulheres muito jovens. A investigacao da neoplasia intra-epitelial cervical com a aplicacao criteriosa dos mesmos metodos utilizados para a mulher adulta foi apropriada tambem na adolescencia.

Misoprostol use under routine conditions for termination of pregnancies with intrauterine fetal death

OBJECTIVE To analyze the misoprostol use in pregnancies with intrauterine fetal death (IUFD), considering mode of delivery and induction-delivery interval. METHODS Descriptive study including 171 pregnant women with IUFD, in the second or third trimester, submitted to labor induction with vaginal misoprostol and/or induction/augmentation with intravenous oxytocin, from 2005 to 2008, at a teaching-hospital of the Brazilian Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS). RESULTS Misoprostol alone (treatment A), misoprostol plus oxytocin (treatment B), and oxytocin alone (treatment C) were administered in 9.3%, 19.9%, and 70.8% of the cases, respectively. One-third of pregnancies were less than 28 weeks, and 2.9% required a caesarean section. The percentage of vaginal delivery in treatments A and B combined (98.0%) was similar to treatment C (96.7%). The mean induction-delivery interval was 15.4hours. Comparing multiple groups, the mean induction-delivery interval was significantly shorter in treatment A (20.1hours) than in treatment B (33.3hours), and was longer than in treatment C (9.7hours). The majority (71%) of cases required a single administration of misoprostol, and the total dosage was lower in treatment A (mean: 98.4μg) compared with treatment B (mean: 157.0μg). CONCLUSION Misoprostol effectively contributed to delivery of IUFD by vaginal route assisted under routine conditions of a public health service in Brazil, demonstrating its importance in cases resistant to usual induction methods, and its availability in Brazilian public health services is recommended.

Clinical management of the induction of labor in intrauterine fetal death: evaluation of incidence of cesarean section and related conditions

OBJECTIVE To assess the incidence and conditions associated with cesarean section in a cohort of pregnant women with intrauterine fetal death (IUFD), and clinical management to anticipate the childbirth. METHODS It was a retrospective cohort study with 163 mothers with IUFD, at the second half of pregnancy, who were managed to anticipate childbirth using pharmacological preparations and/or a mechanical method (Foley catheter) in a teaching hospital in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Cox regression was used to evaluate the effect of the clinical methods on the kind of delivery. RESULTS The Subgroups A (misoprostol or Oxytocin), B (misoprostol and Oxytocin), and C (Foley catheter alone or combined with misoprostol and/or Oxytocin) were formed according to the applied methods. Nine out of 163 cases ended with cesarean section. The incidence of cesarean section was 3.5 per 1,000 people-hours, meaning that a pregnant woman with IUFD had a 15.6% risk of cesarean section during the first 48 hours of clinical management to anticipate childbirth. The conditions significantly associated with the mode of delivery were placental abruption (HR: 44.97), having two or more previous cesarean deliveries (HR: 10.03), and mechanical method with Foley catheter (HR: 5.01). CONCLUSION Cesarean section was an essential conduct in this cohort and followed previous cesarean delivery and placental abruption. The effect of the mechanical method on the abdominal route suggests that the Foley catheter method was used in the most difficult cases and that the surgery was performed to ensure maternal health.

Trends in the Prevalence of Live Macrosomic Newborns According to Gestational Age Strata, in Brazil, 2001-2010, and 2012-2014

Purpose To describe the trends in the prevalence of macrosomia (birth weight ≥ 4,000 g) according to gestational age in Brazil in the periods of 2001-2010 and 2012-2014. Methods Ecological study with data from the Brazilian Live Birth Information System (SINASC, in the Portuguese acronym) regarding singleton live newborns born from 22 gestational weeks. The trends in Brazil as a whole and in each of its five regions were analyzed according to preterm (22-36 gestational weeks) and term (37-42 gestational weeks) strata. Annual Percent Changes (APCs) based on the Prais-Winsten method and their respective 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to verify statistically significant changes in 2001-2010. Results In Brazil, the prevalence of macrosomic births was of 5.3% (2001-2010) and 5.1% (2012-2014). The rates were systematically higher in the North and Northeast Regions both in the preterm and in term strata. In the preterm stratum, the North Region presented the highest variation in the prevalence of macrosomia (+137.5%) when comparing 2001 (0.8%) to 2010 (1.9%). In the term stratum, downward trends were observed in Brazil as a whole and in every region. The trends for 2012-2014 were more heterogeneous, with the prevalence systematically higher than that observed for 2001-2010. The APC in the preterm stratum (2001-2010) showed a statistically significant trend change in the North (APC: 15.4%; 95%CI: 0.6-32.3) and South (APC: 13.5%; 95%CI: 4.8-22.9) regions. In the term stratum, the change occurred only in the North region (APC:-1.5%; 95%CI: -2.5--0.5). Conclusion The prevalence of macrosomic births in Brazil was higher than 5.0%. Macrosomia has potentially negative health implications for both children and adults, and deserves close attention in the public health agenda in Brazil, as well as further support for investigation and intervention.

Waiting time for radiotherapy in women with cervical cancer

OBJECTIVE To describe the waiting time for radiotherapy for patients with cervical cancer. METHODS This descriptive study was conducted with 342 cervical cancer cases that were referred to primary radiotherapy, in the Baixada Fluminense region, RJ, Southeastern Brazil, from October 1995 to August 2010. The waiting time was calculated using the recommended 60-day deadline as a parameter to obtaining the first cancer treatment and considering the date at which the diagnosis was confirmed, the date of first oncological consultation and date when the radiotherapy began. Median and proportional comparisons were made using the Kruskal Wallis and Chi-square tests. RESULTS Most of the women (72.2%) began their radiotherapy within 60 days from the diagnostic confirmation date. The median of this total waiting time was 41 days. This median worsened over the time period, going from 11 days (1995-1996) to 64 days (2009-2010). The median interval between the diagnostic confirmation and the first oncological consultation was 33 days, and between the first oncological consultation and the first radiotherapy session was four days. The median waiting time differed significantly (p = 0.003) according to different stages of the tumor, reaching 56 days, 35 days and 30 days for women whose cancers were classified up to IIA; from IIB to IIIB, and IVA-IVB, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Despite most of the women having had access to radiotherapy within the recommended 60 days, the implementation of procedures to define the stage of the tumor and to reestablish clinical conditions took a large part of this time, showing that at least one of these intervals needs to be improved. Even though the waiting times were ideal for all patients, the most advanced cases were quickly treated, which suggests that access to radiotherapy by women with cervical cancer has been reached with equity.

Efeito do tempo de espera para radioterapia na sobrevida geral em cinco anos de mulheres com câncer do colo do útero, 1995-2010

Overall 5-year survival and factors associated with death were evaluated in a cohort of 342 women with cervical cancer referred to radiotherapy in the Baixada Fluminense, in Greater Metropolitan Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Overall 5-year survival was 25.3%, reaching 60.8% in women with stage IIA or less. The model adjusted by extended Cox proportional regression showed an increase in mortality risk for patients with stages IIB-IIIB (HR = 1.89; 95%CI: 1.214; 2.957) and IVA-IVB (HR = 5.78; 95%CI: 2.973; 11.265). Cytology in asymptomatic women (HR = 0.58; 95%CI: 0.362; 0.961) and referral for first consultation in an oncology service in the Baixada Fluminense (HR = 0.60; 95%CI: 0.418; 0.875) were the main protective factors identified by the study. Waiting time (> 60 versus ≤ 60 days) was not statistically significant, but a delay of 4 days worsened the outcome. The 60-day limit for initiating radiotherapy should be respected, because delay greater than 64 days showed a significant association between all waiting time cut-off points and 5-year mortality risk.Overall 5-year survival and factors associated with death were evaluated in a cohort of 342 women with cervical cancer referred to radiotherapy in the Baixada Fluminense, in Greater Metropolitan Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Overall 5-year survival was 25.3%, reaching 60.8% in women with stage IIA or less. The model adjusted by extended Cox proportional regression showed an increase in mortality risk for patients with stages IIB-IIIB (HR = 1.89; 95%CI: 1.214; 2.957) and IVA-IVB (HR = 5.78; 95%CI: 2.973; 11.265). Cytology in asymptomatic women (HR = 0.58; 95%CI: 0.362; 0.961) and referral for first consultation in an oncology service in the Baixada Fluminense (HR = 0.60; 95%CI: 0.418; 0.875) were the main protective factors identified by the study. Waiting time (> 60 versus ≤ 60 days) was not statistically significant, but a delay of 4 days worsened the outcome. The 60-day limit for initiating radiotherapy should be respected, because delay greater than 64 days showed a significant association between all waiting time cut-off points and 5-year mortality risk.

Effect of waiting time for radiotherapy on five-year overall survival in women with cervical cancer, 1995-2010

Overall 5-year survival and factors associated with death were evaluated in a cohort of 342 women with cervical cancer referred to radiotherapy in the Baixada Fluminense, in Greater Metropolitan Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Overall 5-year survival was 25.3%, reaching 60.8% in women with stage IIA or less. The model adjusted by extended Cox proportional regression showed an increase in mortality risk for patients with stages IIB-IIIB (HR = 1.89; 95%CI: 1.214; 2.957) and IVA-IVB (HR = 5.78; 95%CI: 2.973; 11.265). Cytology in asymptomatic women (HR = 0.58; 95%CI: 0.362; 0.961) and referral for first consultation in an oncology service in the Baixada Fluminense (HR = 0.60; 95%CI: 0.418; 0.875) were the main protective factors identified by the study. Waiting time (> 60 versus ≤ 60 days) was not statistically significant, but a delay of 4 days worsened the outcome. The 60-day limit for initiating radiotherapy should be respected, because delay greater than 64 days showed a significant association between all waiting time cut-off points and 5-year mortality risk.Overall 5-year survival and factors associated with death were evaluated in a cohort of 342 women with cervical cancer referred to radiotherapy in the Baixada Fluminense, in Greater Metropolitan Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Overall 5-year survival was 25.3%, reaching 60.8% in women with stage IIA or less. The model adjusted by extended Cox proportional regression showed an increase in mortality risk for patients with stages IIB-IIIB (HR = 1.89; 95%CI: 1.214; 2.957) and IVA-IVB (HR = 5.78; 95%CI: 2.973; 11.265). Cytology in asymptomatic women (HR = 0.58; 95%CI: 0.362; 0.961) and referral for first consultation in an oncology service in the Baixada Fluminense (HR = 0.60; 95%CI: 0.418; 0.875) were the main protective factors identified by the study. Waiting time (> 60 versus ≤ 60 days) was not statistically significant, but a delay of 4 days worsened the outcome. The 60-day limit for initiating radiotherapy should be respected, because delay greater than 64 days showed a significant association between all waiting time cut-off points and 5-year mortality risk.

Tempo de espera pela primeira colposcopia em mulheres com teste de Papanicolaou alterado

PURPOSE To evaluate the waiting times before obtaining the first colposcopic examination for women with abnormal Papanicolaou smears. METHODS Retrospective cohort study conducted on patients who required a colposcopic examination to clarify an abnormal pap test, between 2002 January and 2008 August, in a metropolitan region of Brazil. The waiting times were defined as: Total Waiting Time (interval between the date of the pap test result and the date of the first colposcopic examination); Partial A Waiting Time (interval between the date of the pap test result and the date of referral); Partial B Waiting Time (interval between the date of referral and the date of the first colposcopic examination). Means, medians, relative and absolute frequencies were calculated. The Kruskal-Wallis test and Pearsons chi-square test were used to determine statistical significance. RESULTS A total of 1,544 women with mean of age of 34 years (SD=12.6 years) were analyzed. Most of them had access to colposcopic examination within 30 days (65.8%) or 60 days (92.8%) from referral. Mean Total Waiting Time, Partial A Waiting Time, and Partial B Waiting Time were 94.5 days (SD=96.8 days), 67.8 days (SD=95.3 days) and 29.2 days (SD=35.1 days), respectively. CONCLUSION A large part of the women studied had access to colposcopic examination within 60 days after referral, but Total waiting time was long. Measures to reduce the waiting time for obtaining the first colposcopic examination can help to improve the quality of care in the context of cervical cancer control in the region, and ought to be addressed at the phase between the date of the pap test results and the date of referral to the teaching hospital.

Factors associated with births not registered at the registry office of a Brazilian National Health System maternity hospital, Nova Iguaçu-RJ, Brazil 2012

Objective: to analyze factors associated with births not registered at a National Health System (SUS) maternity hospital registry office in Nova Iguacu-RJ, Brazil. Methods: a cross-sectional study of data on 468 live births (LB) between June-July 2012. The dependent variable was births not registered at the registry office within 15 days following birth. Prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated using Poisson Regression. Results: 40.6% (190/468) of LB were not registered at the registry office. Non-registration was positively associated with little or no maternal schooling (PR 1.41; 95% CI 1.04-1.93), childbirth prior to hospitalization (PR 2.15; 95% CI 1.04-4.46), and mother resident in a different municipality to the hospital (PR 1.39; 95%% CI 1.03-1.89). Conclusion: mothers with little or no schooling and who do not give birth in hospital should receive guidance on birth registration.OBJETIVO: analisar os fatores associados a ausencia de registro de nascimento em cartorio localizado em maternidade do Sistema Unico de Saude no municipio de Nova Iguacu-RJ, Brasil. METODOS: estudo transversal com 468 nascidos vivos (NV), realizado em junho e julho de 2012; a variavel dependente foi a ausencia de registro de nascimento no cartorio da maternidade, decorridos 15 dias do parto; empregou-se a Regressao de Poisson para estimar razoes de prevalencia (RP) e intervalos de confianca de 95% (IC95%). RESULTADOS: 40,6% dos NV nao tiveram o registro de nascimento efetuado no cartorio da maternidade; a falta de registro associou-se a escolaridade materna de 0 a 8 anos de estudo (RP 1,41; IC95% 1,04-1,93), parto extra-hospitalar (RP 2,15; IC95% 1,04-4,46) e residencia em municipio vizinho (RP 1,39; IC95% 1,03-1,89). CONCLUSAO: orientacoes sobre registro devem ser direcionadas as maes com baixa escolaridade e com partos fora do ambiente hospitalar