Marie Borzo

Electro-optical DC kerr effects and solid state deuteron NMR studies of stable gel-derived glass-organic polymer composites

Abstract Novel gel-derived silica glass-organic polymer composites containing 2-methyl-4-nitroaniline (MNA) have been prepared and fabricated in bulk forms for optical sampling. Such inorganic-organic composites exhibit improved mechanical and environmental stability over purely organic materials. Electro-optical DC Kerr measurements on these composites have been carried out. Complementary solid state deuteron NMR studies also provide further insight into the chemical and physical characteristics of these unique materials.

Spectroscopic characterization of molecular interactions between DNQ-PACs and phenolic resins using selectively nitrogen-15 labeled DNQs

Interactions between diazonaphthoquinone (DNQ)-photoactive compounds (PACs) and phenolic resins with different degrees of ortho, ortho-bonding have been investigated using solid state nitrogen-15 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and vibrational (infrared and Raman) spectroscopic techniques. A specifically nitrogen-15 labeled PAC was synthesized to facilitate solid state nitrogen-15 NMR experimentation, and to resolve ambiguities in vibrational spectra. Comparison of vibrational spectra of the 15N-labeled PAC and its natural abundance 14N analog showed conclusively that Fermi resonance as well as hydrogen-boding resin-PAC interactions influence changes in the out-of-phase diazo stretching region near 2100 cm-1. Solid state nitrogen-15 NMR of the 15N-labeled PAC in poly(p-hydroxystyrene), in a m-cresol 3,5-xylenol novolak, and in a mainly m,p- cresol novolak showed the binding situation in the resins to be diffuse, but quite similar. Although the three resins examined are lithographically very different, the observed nitrogen- 15 shifts were small compared to the broadening of the resonances, and did not show major differences due to ortho, ortho-bonding effects.

Molecular bases for the interaction between novolaks and diazonaphthoquinone photoactive compounds

An investigation of the molecular characteristics of DNQ-PACs both in isolation and in combination with polymer matrices using the techniques of solid state magic angle sample spinning Fourier transform (FT) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and FT-Raman spectroscopy has been initiated. These investigations necessitated a rather fundamental look at the spectroscopic signatures of DNQs in various environments. Two dimensional NMR techniques have been used to unambiguously assign carbon-13 and proton NMR spectra of the 2,1,5-DNQ moiety in solution. The nitrogen-15 NMR spectrum of 2,1,5-DNQ has also been assigned. While preliminary solid state NMR and FT-Raman spectra have demonstrated that these techniques can be used to monitor the effect of matrices on DNQ/PACs at the molecular level, isotopic labelling will be required to fully understand the nature of the interactions. The correlation of molecular-based information with macroscopic resist performance should lead to the development of new improved resists.