Marietta L. Baba

Enterprise transformation

Fundamental enterprise changes begin by looking at the challenges from technical, behavioral, and social perspectives.

Evolution of cytochromec investigated by the maximum parsimony method

SummaryRates of evolution for cytochromec over the past one billion years were calculated from a maximum parsimony dendrogram which approximates the phylogeny of 87 lineages. Two periods of evolutionary acceleration and deceleration apparently occurred for the cytochromec molecule. The tempo of evolutionary change indicated by this analysis was compared to the patterns of acceleration and deceleration in the ancestry of several other proteins The synchrony of these tempos of molecular change supports the notion that rapid genetic evolution accompanied periods of major adaptive radiations.Rates of change at different times in several structural-functional areas of cytochromec were also investigated in order to test the Darwinian hypothesis that during periods of rapid evolution, functional sites accumulate proportionately more substitutions than areas with no known function. Rates of change in four proposed functional groupings of sites were therefore compared to rates in areas of unknown function for several different time periods. This analysis revealed a significant increase in the rate of evolution for sites associated with the regions of cytochromec oxidase and reductase interaction during the period between the emergence of the eutherian ancestor to the emergence of the anthropoid ancestor.

Origins of the Ceboidea viewed from an immunological perspective

Abstract Ceboid origins were reviewed from the standpoint of immunodiffusion systematics. Computer processing of spur size data from several thousand trefoil Ouchterlony plate comparisons using rabbit antisera to proteins of various primate, tree shrew and elephant shrew species depicted antigenic distances among the various species. A least squares procedure (executed by a new computer program AJUST) corrected for nonreciprocity in the raw antigenic distance matrix. Another computer program (UWPGM) then produced a cladogram from the normalized antigenic distance matrix. Within the cladogram, tree shrews are closer to undisputed primates than to non-primates. The undisputed primates appear as a monophyletic assemblage, consisting of two major lineages: the Strepsirhini, including lorisoid and lemuroid branches, and the Haplorhini. Haplorhini divides into a tarsioid branch and Anthropoidea. The latter consists of two sister groups, Catarrhini (Hominoidea and Cercopithecoidea) and Platyrrhini (Ceboidea). Thus, this cladogram supports those hypotheses of ceboid origins which depict the phyletic line ancestral to the extant Anthropoidea as first separating from strepsirhine and tarsioid lineages before splitting apart into Platyrrhini and Catarrhini. Present evidence does not reveal if the most recent common ancestor of platyrrhines and catarrhines was morphologically still a prosimian or if it existed late enough in the Tertiary to have reached the simian grade.

Biochemical Evidence on the Phylogeny of Anthropoidea

Anthropoidea is the suborder of Primates which includes New and Old World monkeys, apes, and humans. The term “Anthropoidea” was introduced by Mivart and has received general acceptance since Simpson (1945) included it in his classification of mammals (Simons, 1972). However, questions have arisen regarding the monophyletic nature of Anthropoidea. Since the fossil record relating to higher primate origins remains incomplete, there is reasonable doubt that the three superfamilies of Anthropoidea (Ceboidea, Cercopithecoidea, and Hominoidea) descended from a common “stem stock” (Schwartz et al., 1978). Although Simons (1976) views Anthropoidea as a monophyletic assemblage, he notes (1972) that the earliest putative ancestors of Ceboidea, Cercopithecoidea, and Hominoidea do not seem to resemble one another as much as one would expect if all had emerged from a single segment of Paleocene-Eocene lower primates.

Immunodiffusion systematics of the primates. Part V. The Platyrrhini.

Evolutionary relationships between New World monkeys and marmoset genera and the place of the Ceboidea within the primates are considered in terms of the immunological specificity of ceboid proteins. Antigenic distances between the New World primates are measured using antisera produced in rabbits to nine ceboid genera: Alouatta, Aotes, Ateles, Callicebus, Cebus, Chiropotes, Lagothrix, Saimiri and Saguinus. A cladogram constructed on the basis of increasing degrees of antigenic distance between branches depicts Ceboidea as a monophyletic assemblage within which Alouatta is grouped with the Atelinae genera, Lagothrix and Ateles, Chiropotes joins Cacajao and Cebus joins Saimiri. The joining of the cebid genera Aotes and Callicebus with callithricid genera Callimico and Saguinus into a single complex lineage suggests that Cebidae is a paraphyletic or polyphyletic taxon. A phylogenetic taxonomy for Platyrrhini is proposed.

The Bearing of Molecular Data on the Cladogenesis and Times of Divergence of Hominoid Lineages

The analysis of amino acid sequence data by the maximum parsimony method can provide valuable insights into the evolutionary processes which shaped the hominoid radiation and the emergence of Homo. Recent discoveries of hominine and ramapithecine fossils from East Africa and Asia have stimulated reevaluation of the evolutionary history of Anthropoidea, especially of that branch leading to Homo sapiens (Johanson and White, 1979; Greenfield, 1980).

The Unity of Theory and Practice in Anthropology: Rebuilding A Fractured Synthesis

DESCRIPTION NAPA Bulletin is a peer reviewed occasional publication of the National Association for the Practice of Anthropology, dedicated to the practical problem-solving and policy applications of anthropological knowledge and methods. • peer reviewed publication of the National Association for the Practice of Anthropology • dedicated to the practical problem-solving and policy applications of anthropological knowledge and methods • most editions available for course adoption

Industry–university relationships and the context of intellectual property dynamics: the case of ibm

Jelinek has developed a multi-level model for conceptualizing the contextual influences through which intellectual property (IP) is “understood, interpreted and made sense of” by key parties to IP “deals.” This commentary reflects upon that model through a historical examination of industry–university relationships in one case – specifically, IBM. Since the late 1920s, IBM has encouraged multifaceted relationships with universities. From the start, IBM sought relationships with academia not only because of the market potential represented by university campuses, but also because Thomas Watson Sr. viewed academic customers as potential research collaborators, a novel idea at the time that later proved instrumental in the development of the corporations successful research enterprise. IBMs university relationships have continued to evolve over time, reflecting shifts in the corporations business strategy, and changes in larger macroeconomic structures. The case of IBM reveals complex interactions among governmental, corporate, and academic actors and their policies at different points in time, providing support for Jelineks multi-level approach to framing IP dynamics, and suggesting possible refinements of the model for the future.

Recent Advances in Molecular Evolution of the Primates

In the last three decades investigations into the processes underlying molecular evolution have expanded our knowledge concerning the phylogenetic history of the primates. Advances in molecular evolution have coincided with exciting paleontological discoveries, especially the recent australopithecine and ramapithecine finds that question anew the events and timing leading to the origins of the hominine species. The molecular approach has yielded important insights into phylogenetic relationships among primates by sharpening our understanding in several areas. The possibility of correct placement for the enigmatic Tarsier with respect to prosimian and anthropoid lineages, and understanding the evolutionary history of the gibbon and siamang with respect to the other ape lineages has been strengthened. Further insights into relationships within Old and New World monkey groups have also been gained.

Implications: Societal Collective Outcomes, including Manufacturing

The convergences in advanced science and engineering interconnect with a number of core social issues that include the arrangement of means and modes of production and the associated labor skill requirements, training, costs of investments, and other matters. This chapter suggests that a highly customized, modularized, and broadly distributed manufacturing model is emerging that has great potential globally to open up creativity and access at the same time as it allows establishment of small-scale operations that benefit small communities by enabling them to fulfill their own immediate needs, drawing on local talent and labor, with reasonable investment costs. The trends in manufacturing technology that will contribute to establishment of new models of production include additive and other advanced manufacturing processes; small-scale multifunctional manufacturing; human-like smart robotic assistance; universally accessible, rapidly updatable, individualized education; and a dramatically expanded cyberinfrastructure. The disruptive potential of the trends in knowledge creation and production management suggests the need for a proactive approach to monitoring and governing the changes in manufacturing and society to ensure, in particular, equity of access and positive modes of human–machine interaction.