Mark Finkelstein

Twenty-Sixth Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals

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Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals

The National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) is used by the Energy Information Administration (EIA) to forecast US energy production, consumption, and price trends for a 25-yr-time horizon. Biomass is one of the technologies within NEMS, which plays a key role in several scenarios. An endogenously determined biomass supply schedule is used to derive the price-quantity relationship of biomass. There are four components to the NEMS biomass supply schedule including: agricultural residues, energy crops, forestry residues, and urban wood waste/miU residues. The EIAs Annual Energy Outlook 2005 includes updated estimates of the agricultural residue portion of the biomass supply schedule. The changes from previous agricultural residue supply estimates include: revised assumptions concerning corn stover and wheat straw residue availabilities, inclusion of non-corn and non-wheat agricultural residues (such as barley, rice straw, and sugarcane bagasse), and the implementation of assumptions concerning increases in no-till farming. This article will discuss the impact of these changes on the supply schedule. Index Entries Agricultural residues; corn stover; wheat straw; feedstock cost; biomass supply.

Twentieth Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals

In production biological systems, monitoring and controlling the growth environment is possible, but assessing the metabolic competency of the organism is more difficult. Somatic embryogenesis (SE), a tissue-culture method for multiplying embryos asexually, has great potential to capture at low cost the genetic gain from breeding and genetic-engineering programs. Loblolly pine, however, has proven recalcitrant in the production of somatic embryos suitable in quality for operational use. Many similarities and differences in gene expression were uncovered. We have modified a recent technique called differential display (~O) to examine gene expression, allowing the comparison of somatic and zygotic embryos. Over 400 cONA bands have been cloned and their sequences determined. These bands can serve as expression markers, providing rapid, simple, and sensitive assessment of embryo physiology and development. These techniques are applicable to many areas of research where monitoring specific levels of gene expression is important for evaluating the performance of a system. Index Entries: Differential display; zygotic embryogenesis; somatic embryogenesis; loblolly pine. Introduction Determining conditions that promote growth of an organism and/ or production of a desirable end-product is greatly facilitated by knowing the metabolic state of that organism. Online data permits flexibility and refinement of processes. With biological systems, controlling the environment with regard to pH, temperature, or substrate supply is possible, but the metabolic competency of the organism is more difficult to assess. Improvement protocols are lengthy and expensive. Here we describe a series of *Author to whom all correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 5 Vol. 77-79, 1999

Twenty-First Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals

Poplar wood was treated with peracetic acid, KOH, and ball milling to produce 147 modellignocelluloses with a broad spectrum of lignin contents, acetyl contents, and crystallinity indices (CrIs), respectively. An empirical model was identified that describes the roles of these three properties in enzymatic hydrolysis. Lignin content and Cd have the greatest impact on biomass digestibility, whereas acetyl content has a minor impact. The digestibility of several lime-treated biomass samples agreed with the empirical model. Lime treatment removes all acetyl groups and a moderate amount of lignin and increases Cd slightly; lignin removal is the dominant benefit from lime treatment. Index Entries: Lignocellulose; enzymatic digestibility; lignin; acetyl groups; crystallinity; correlation; pretreatment; lime.

Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals Held May 4–7, 2003, in Breckenridge, CO

This article addresses two questions: Has the effectiveness of the US governments federal research and development (R&D) spending suffered from the post-1980 strategic change from freely shared and publicly owned to privately owned scientific advances? What criteria would a federal R&D program use to design a strategy that most effectively enhances the wellbeing of farmers and rural communities? Several studies found that the pre1980 US Department of Agriculture research strategy was very effective. No comparable studies have analyzed the comparative effectiveness of the post1980 strategy of restricting access to the results of public research. Recent experience and several analytical studies suggest that to significantly enhance the health of rural economies from an expanded use of plant matter as an industrial material, federal policy should channel scientific and engineering research into smalland medium-sized production and processing technologies and should encourage farmer-owned, value-added enterprises. Index Entries: Ethanol; scale; ownership; research and development; effecti veness.

Twenty-Second Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals

The projected cost of ethanol production from cellulosic biomass has been reduced by almost a factor of four over the last 20 yr. Thus, it is now competitive for blending with gasoline, and several companies are working to build the first plants. However, technology development faced challenges at all levels. Because the benefits of bioethanol were not well understood, it was imperative to clarify and differentiate its attributes. Process engineering was invaluable in focusing on promising opportunities for improvements, particularly in light of budget reductions, and in tracking progress toward a competitive goaL Now it is vital for one or more commercial projects to be successful, and improving our understanding of process fundamentals will reduce the time and costs for commercialization. Additionally, the cost ofbioethanol must be cut further to be competitive as a pure fuel in the open market, and aggressive technology advances are required to meet this target. Index Entries: Biomass; biotechnology; ethanol; fuel; hydrolysis.