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Dive into the research topics where Markus Sommer is active.

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Featured researches published by Markus Sommer.


The International Journal of Aviation Psychology | 2004

Improvements in Personnel Selection With Neural Networks: A Pilot Study in the Field of Aviation Psychology

Markus Sommer; Andreas Olbrich; Martin Arendasy

This article discusses problems of data combination in personnel selection. In a study on selecting candidates for pilot training, 82 participants were tested. The predictor variables were attention, vigilance, reactivity under stress, and spatial and numerical ability. The evaluation of the applicants after training was used as the criterion. To test the predictive validity of the test battery neural networks, linear discriminant analysis and logistic regression analysis were used. The results indicate that neural networks are applicable even when the discriminant analysis produces biased results due to violations of its assumptions, and also outperform the logistic regression analysis in terms of separability of correct and incorrect classifications based on the height of the classification probability.


Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology | 2012

Using Automatic Item Generation to Simultaneously Construct German and English Versions of a Word Fluency Test

Martin Arendasy; Markus Sommer; Friedrich Mayr

There has been an increased interest in psychometric tests that enable the comparison of test scores across different language versions. From a psychometric point of view, this endeavor requires empirical evidence on the full score equivalence of these measures. However, this aim is often rather difficult to achieve. This is particularly true for the assessment of verbal abilities. In the present article, we will outline how automatic item generation can be used to overcome some of the problems researchers face in constructing psychometric tests that are valid in multilingual assessment settings. The feasibility of this approach is illustrated in the context of the construction and empirical evaluation of a German and English word fluency test. The results of the various studies reported in this article indicate that automatic item generation enables the generation of a sufficient amount of word fluency items exhibiting a high psychometric quality in both languages. Furthermore, the item pool constructed for both languages can be linked to each other using a common set of anchor items that are identical to each other with regard to their conceptual, linguistic, and psychometric characteristics, thereby facilitating cross-lingual comparisons of word fluency performance.


Journal of Individual Differences | 2006

Automatic Generation of Quantitative Reasoning Items

Martin Arendasy; Markus Sommer; Georg Gittler; Andreas Hergovich

This paper deals with three studies on the computer-based, automatic generation of algebra word problems. The cognitive psychology based generative/quality control frameworks of the item generator are presented. In Study I the quality control framework is empirically tested using a first set of automatically generated items. Study II replicates the findings of Study I using a larger set of automatically generated algebra word problems. Study III deals with the generative framework of the item generator by testing construct validity aspects of the item generator produced items. Using nine Rasch-homogeneous subscales of the new intelligence structure battery (INSBAT, Hornke et al., 2004), a hierarchical confirmatory factor analysis is reported, which provides first evidence of convergent as well as divergent validity of the automatically generated items. The end of the paper discusses possible advantages of automatic item generation in general ranging from test security issues and the possibility of a more ...


Verhaltenstherapie | 2014

Diagnostik von Selbstekel im Rahmen der Depression

Anne Schienle; Rottraut Ille; Markus Sommer; Martin Arendasy

Hintergrund: Selbstekel beschreibt die Abscheu, die gegen spezifische Aspekte der eigenen Person gerichtet ist und könnte deshalb eine wichtige Rolle für depressive Störungen spielen. Ziel einer ersten Studie war die Entwicklung eines Messinstruments, das sowohl in psychisch gesunden als auch klinischen Populationen eingesetzt werden kann. Methodik: Eine erste Version des Fragebogens zur Erfassung des Selbstekels (FESE) wurde von 895 Probanden im Alter zwischen 15 und 71 Jahren bearbeitet. Ergebnisse: Die Hauptachsenanalyse mit schiefwinkliger Rotation ergab für die Daten der ersten Teilstichprobe (n = 302) 2 inhaltlich relevante Faktoren: «personenbezogener Ekel» (9 Items, Abwertung des eigenen äußeren Erscheinungsbildes und der Persönlichkeit) und «verhaltensbezogener Ekel» (5 Items, Abwertung des eigenen Verhaltens). Diese Lösung konnte durch eine konfirmatorische Faktoranalyse über die zweite Teilstichprobe (n = 593) bestätigt werden. In einer zweiten Studie erzielten depressive Patienten in stationärer Therapie höhere FESE-Werte als gesunde Kontrollprobanden. Schlussfolgerungen: Der FESE ist ein reliabler, valider und ökonomischer Fragebogen zur Erfassung des Selbstekels, dessen klinische Relevanz für Patienten mit einer Depression aufgezeigt werden konnte. Die Untersuchung weiterer klinischer Störungen mittels dieses Instruments erscheint vielversprechend.


Journal of Individual Differences | 2007

The Vienna Risk-Taking Test - Traffic

Andreas Hergovich; Martin Arendasy; Markus Sommer; Bettina Bognar

Abstract. The study reports results regarding the dimensionality and construct validity of a newly developed, objective, video-based personality test that assesses the willingness to take risks in traffic situations. On the basis of the theory of risk homeostasis developed by Wilde, different traffic situations with varying degrees of objective danger were filmed. During the test the respondents are asked to indicate at which point the action that is contingent on the described situation will become too dangerous to carry out. Latencies at the item level were recorded as a measure for the subjectively accepted degree of a persons willingness to take risks in the sense of the risk homeostasis theory by Wilde. In a study on 274 people with different educational levels and gender, the unidimensionality of the test as corresponding to the latency model by Scheiblechner was investigated. The results indicate that the Vienna Risk-Taking Test - Traffic assesses a unidimensional, latent personality trait that ca...


Psychological Reports | 2005

Dimensionality and construct validity of a video-based, objective personality test for the assessment of willingness to take risks in road traffic

Martin Arendasy; Andreas Hergovich; Markus Sommer; Bettina Bognar

The study at hand reports first results about the dimensionality and construct validity of a newly developed objective, video-based personality test, which assesses the willingness to take risks in traffic situations. On the basis of the theory of risk homeostasis developed by Wilde, different traffic situations with varying amounts of objective danger were filmed. These situations mainly consisted of situations with passing maneuvers and speed choice or traffic situations at intersections. Each of these traffic situations describes an action which should be carried out. The videos of the traffic situations are presented twice. Before the first presentation, a short written explanation of the preceding traffic situation and a situation-contingent reaction is provided. The respondents are allowed to obtain an overview of the given situations during the first presentation of each traffic situation. During the second presentation the respondents are asked to indicate at which point the action that is contingent on the described situation will become too dangerous to carry out. Latencies for items were recorded as a measure for the magnitude of the persons subjectively accepted willingness to take risks in the sense of the risk homeostasis theory by Wilde. In a study with 243 people with different education and sex, the one-dimensionality of the test corresponding to the latency model by Scheiblechner was investigated. Analysis indicated that the new measure assesses a one-dimensional latent personality trait which can be interpreted as subjectively accepted amount of risk (target risk value). First indicators for the construct validity of the test are given by a significant correlation with the construct-related secondary scale, adventurousness of the Eysenck Personality Profiler with, at the same time, nonsignificant correlations to the two secondary scales, extroversion and emotional stability, that are not linked to the construct.


Zeitschrift für Personalpsychologie | 2006

Neuronale Netze: Nichtlineare Methoden der statistischen Urteilsbildung in der psychologischen Eignungsdiagnostik

Joachim Häusler; Markus Sommer

Zusammenfassung. Kunstliche Neuronale Netze stellen eine innovative und attraktive Form der statistischen Urteilsbildung dar, da sie im Gegensatz zu herkommlichen Methoden auch nichtlineare Zusammenhange modellieren konnen, ohne dass diese a priori bekannt sein mussen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit soll die Annahme, dass durch explorative, nichtlineare Modellierung die Validitat der Vorhersage verbessert werden kann, anhand eines Methodenvergleichs zwischen linearen und nichtlinearen Methoden der statistischen Urteilsbildung uberpruft werden. Hierzu wurde eine Reanalyse der Daten von Schmidt-Atzert, Deter und Jaeckel (2004) durchgefuhrt. Das Kunstliche Neuronale Netz erweist sich dabei im Vergleich zu linearen Methoden wie der Diskriminanzanalyse mit Validitaten von R = 0.645 fur den theoretischen Teil und R = 0.586 fur die praktischen Teil der Lehrabschlussprufung als leistungsfahiger bei der Vorhersage der beiden Indikatoren des Ausbildungserfolgs. Gleichzeitig konnte die Befurchtung, Kunstliche Neuronale ...


Zeitschrift Fur Padagogische Psychologie | 2004

Dimensionalität und differenzielle Validität von Textaufgaben

Martin Arendasy; Markus Sommer; Judith Glück

Zusammenfassung: Der vorliegende Beitrag befasst sich mit der Frage der Dimensionalitat von Veranderungsaufgaben mit unbekannter Startmenge und der relativen Bedeutung verschiedener Pradiktoren der Losungshaufigkeit, die aus unterschiedlichen kognitiven Modellen zur Bearbeitung einfacher arithmetischer Textaufgaben abgeleitet werden konnen. Die Frage der Dimensionalitat und Konstruktvaliditat dieses Textaufgabentyps wird mit Hilfe der Item-Response-Theorie sowie hierarchischen Clusteranalysen der retrospektiv erhobenen Bearbeitungsstrategien und clusterweise berechneten multiplen Regressionsanalysen an einer Stichprobe von N = 124 Zweitklasslern untersucht. Die Ergebnisse sprechen fur die Geltung des Rasch-Modells auch unter Berucksichtigung interindividueller Unterschiede in den Bearbeitungsstrategien. Die relative Bedeutung der einzelnen Pradiktoren der Losungshaufigkeit bei diesem Textaufgabentyp variiert deutlich in Abhangigkeit vom Bearbeitungsstrategietyp. Die Ergebnisse werden vor dem Hintergrund u...


Zeitschrift für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie | 2004

Zur Dimensionalität und Konstruktvalidität eines videobasierten, objektiven Persönlichkeitstests

Andreas Hergovich; Martin Arendasy; Markus Sommer; Bettina Bognar; Andreas Olbrich

Zusammenfassung: Die vorliegende Studie berichtet uber erste Ergebnisse zur Dimensionalitat und Konstruktvaliditat eines neu entwickelten, videobasierten, objektiven Personlichkeitstests zur Erfassung der Risikobereitschaft in Verkehrssituationen. Ausgehend vom Modell der Risikohomoostase nach Wilde (1978, 1994) wurden unterschiedliche Verkehrsszenen gefilmt, wobei der Grad an objektiver Gefahrdung uber die einzelnen Situationen hinweg variiert. Die Personen haben die Aufgabe anzugeben, ab welchem Zeitpunkt die Ausfuhrung der beschriebenen situationskontingenten Handlung ihrer Meinung nach zu gefahrlich sei. Als Mas fur den subjektiv akzeptierten Risikograd einer Person im Sinne der Risikohomoostase-Theorie von Wilde (1978, 1994) wurden itemweise Latenzzeiten erhoben. In einer Studie mit insgesamt 243 Personen konnte die Eindimensionalitat des Verfahrens im Sinne des Latency-Modells von Scheiblechner (1978, 1979, 1985) nachgewiesen werden. Erste Hinweise zur Konstruktvaliditat des Verfahrens werden gegeben.


Perceptual and Motor Skills | 2004

Measuring perceptual speed in complex everyday situations

Martin Arendasy; Markus Sommer

This paper describes first results of the development of a new test to measure perceptual speed in everyday situations. The new items are best described as images depicting typical situations in everyday life, which have some picture elements in common. The pictures were presented to the subjects for a short time, and their task was to indicate which of 5 goal stimuli were present in the respective pictures seen before. In two studies, the scalability of the new items according to the Rasch model was investigated. In Study 1 data from 316 subjects with heterogeneous educational backgrounds were used in the empirical analysis. The results of Study 1 indicate that Rasch homogeneity and thus positive psychometric properties for the new test could be obtained. This result was further validated using a second sample (N = 198). The validation study replicates the results obtained in Study 1. These results represent a substantial condition sine qua non for following studies on the construct and criterion validity of the new test.

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Judith Glück

Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt

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