Martha Romero Mendoza

Effects of sodium arsenite exposure on development and behavior in the rat

Arsenic is an environmental contaminant found in soil, water and air in some zones of the world. It has been widely studied for its effects as a human carcinogenic agent, but few studies have dealt with neurobehavioral effects. In addition, studies of arsenic effects on development have only addressed its effects on embryotoxicity and teratogenicity after a single oral, gavage or intraperitoneal exposure. Among the behavioral alterations reported after intoxication with arsenic are both increased and decreased locomotor activity and learning deficits in a delayed alternation task [Toxicol. Lett. 54 (1990) 345; Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 50 (1993) 100; Brain Res. Bull. 55 (2001) 301]. To further characterize developmental and behavioral alterations induced by arsenic exposure, Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to arsenite (36.70 mg arsenic/l in drinking water) from gestation day 15 (GD 15) or postnatal day 1 (PND 1), until approximately 4 months old. The pregnant or lactating dams received either the arsenic solution or regular drinking water and once pups were weaned, they continued receiving the same solution as drinking water. Animals exposed from GD 15 showed increased spontaneous locomotor activity and both exposed groups showed increased number of errors in a delayed alternation task in comparison to the control group. Total arsenic (TA) content in brain was similar for both exposed groups and significantly different from the control group. These results indicate that rats exposed to arsenic during development present deficits in spontaneous locomotor activity and alterations in a spatial learning task.

La coerción sexual asociada con los mitos de violación y las actitudes sexuales en estudiantes universitarios

SUMMARY Sexual violence occurs when an individual obtains sexual interaction through coercion, intimidation, blackmail, lesions or threats of physical harm. It ranges from slight approaches to rape, and involves some kind of persuasion to obtaining unwanted sexual interactions; it happens more often in dating relationships. The aim of this paper is to measure the association of sexual attitudes and the acceptance of rape myths with sexual coercion in a sample of college students, and compare these variables by sex and age. The sample was non-probabilistic and included 630 students (51% had experiences of sexual coercion); 71% of men reported practicing sexual coercion. Women who practiced sexual coercion had a less traditional sexual attitude than men (F= 21.413, p<.001), and women who faced sexual coercion had a more permissive attitude in sexual interactions (F=37.432, p<.001). Men who faced sexual coercion blamed rape victims more than women (F=10.603, p=.001). Younger men also blamed rape victims more than the older ones (F=9.841, p=.002). When women use sexual coercion it seems to have a paradoxical implication regarding their gender role. It also appears to be a problem for negotiating safe sexual encounters; women who reported more sexual permissiveness seem to participate more frequently in unplanned sexual interactions and they may be more vulnerable to coercion. It is necessary to modify beliefs about abusive sexual behaviors being normal in dating relationships.

Perception of mutual violence in incarcerated women’s intimate partner relationships in Mexico City

The purpose of this article is to determine the degree of physical violence received and inflicted over the past two years by a sample of women in prison in their relationships with their partners (N=/213). Over half of the women report having suffered some form of violence at the hands of their partners at some time in their lives. As for physical violence experienced over the past two years, one out of every four women has experienced violence at the hands of her partner. The women in this study rated the act of physical violence they had experienced in the past two years as severe, a term they also used to describe the degree of disturbance, anger and fear they felt after the violent incident. As for the violence the women inflicted on their partners, one out of every four women has inflicted violence on her partner (26.8%) although they rate the most aggressive event during these past two years as slight. After the event, over half the women felt severely disturbed as well as slightly angry and scared.

“Something that could get rid of the cold inside” Women’s motives for using addictive substances from a gender perspective

ABSTRACT Drug abuse by women in Mexico occurs within a historical context that defines how women are socialized and the status they have in society and determines the motives, the type, and amount they use and how and why they develop substance use problems. The objective of this study was to explore, describe, and analyze the motives for psychoactive substance use by women who have entered treatment for addictions. Nine focus groups were organized. Sixty women at public and private care/treatment institutions participated. Convenience sampling was used. The conceptual framework for the motives were enhancement, social connections, negative states, and aversive social states. Data presented show from internal and private motives, to socio cultural motives to begin and enjoy alcohol and drug use. In all cases, gender system and patriarchy affect the way in which women see themselves, their use, and abuse. The motives are a direct result of certain forms of oppression and belittlement toward women who constitute forms of structural violence that do little to empower women toward equality and dignity. Treatment models and policy should consider their personal and gender history as central elements in their recovery.

The Invisible Burden of Violence Against Girls and Young Women in Mexico: 1990 to 2015:

The increasing burden of interpersonal violence in women in Mexico is a neglected social and health problem that competes with other leading causes of premature death, disability, and health losses in young women. In this article, we focus on revealing the burden of violence in girls and young women and its implications for public policy. This study presents the subnational analysis of Mexico from the Global Burden of Disease study (1990-2015). The global study harmonized information of 195 countries and 79 risk factors. The study analyzed the deaths, years of life lost to premature death (YLL), years lived with disability (YLD), and the healthy years of life lost or disability-adjusted life year (DALY) related to violence. Nationwide, violence in young women accounts for 7% of all deaths in the 10 to 29 years age group and arises as the second most important cause of death in all age groups, except 10 to 14 years old, where it stands in the seventh position from 1990 to 2015. The health losses and social impact related to violence in young women demands firm actions by the government and society. It is urgent for health institutions to focus on the health of girls and young women because gender inequities have an enormous effect on their lives. Girls and women are nearly universally less powerful, less privileged, and have fewer opportunities than men.

“Salir del clóset” en la Ciudad de México

El objetivo de este articulo es comprender el proceso de construccion de la identidad lesbico-gay en una muestra de dieciseis personas. El articulo concluye que el modelo de Perez es comprensivo, aunque no exhaustivo, que la identidad lesbico-gay fortalece el autoconcepto individual y puede generar procesos de cambio social a pequena escala.