Marwa R. Mishrif

Synthesis and Evaluation of Some Novel Polymeric Surfactants Based on Aromatic Amines Used as Wax Dispersant for Waxy Gas Oil

Dicarboxy methyl ethoxylated aniline and 1,3‐dicarboxy methoxy benzene were synthesized as intermediate monomers to prepare six polyester surfactants. The first three of them were obtained by polyesterification of dicarboxy methoxy ethoxylated (EO=10) aniline with polyethylene glycol (M. wt.; 400, 600, 1000). The product named as An E10 400, An E10 600, and An E10 1000. The later three was obtained by polyesterification of 1, 3 dicarboxymethoxy benzene with the same PEG at different molecular weights. The product named as; R 400, R 600, and R 1000. These polyesters were characterized by FT.ir, and GPC. These polyesters were evaluated as pour point depressants of a mixed blend of Egyptian Western desert gas oil, (PP=18oC). The obtained data showed that, the maximum reduction of pour point was obtained with An E10 1000 (ΔPP=15°C) and R 1000 (ΔPP=18°C) regarding to the two groups of polyesters respectively. Blends from these compounds were done. From the results, it was found that, the blend IV exhibit the maximum depression of pour point, (ΔPP=24°C). The photomicrographic investigation for the change of wax crystals morphology and size as the results of using the pour point dispersants was carried out after the treatment by the blends. The photomicrographic pictures showed a great modification of wax crystals was obtained as a result of dispersion of wax by the additives. The results were compared with a commercial additive at 1000 ppm. It was found that, its ΔPP=18°C. This work was extended to study the surface active properties of these polyesters at liquid/air interface. The obtained data were used to explain the discrepancy of these polyesters toward pour point depression.

Corrosion Inhibition Efficiency in Relation to Micellar Interaction Parameters of Cationic/Nonionic Surfactant Mixtures for Carbon Steel Pipelines in 1 M HCl Solution

The effect of different nine molar mixed ratios of didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride as a cationic surfactant and nonyl phenol ethoxylate (e.o. = 9) as a nonionic surfactant, on the inhibition behavior of carbon steel have been examined using the weight loss and the potensiodynamic methods. The results show that these mixed cationic/nonionic surfactant mixtures (II to X) can be used to inhibit the corrosion of steel pipelines in the petroleum acid job. The surface active properties of the used surfactant mixtures were calculated using the surface tension measurements and the critical micelle concentration (CMC) values. The micellar interaction parameters of the investigated mixtures were calculated using the data of CMC. From the corrosion results it was found that, the maximum synergistic effect was obtained by the mixtures VIII (30%C + 70%N) and IV (70%C + 30%N). They exhibited inhibition efficiency expressed by the rate of corrosion as 5.15 and 1.53 miles per year respectively, at 400 ppm. The positive synergistic behavior of these mixtures pronounced the better results than which obtained by the individual inhibitors (cationic or nonionic alone). At the same time the maximum micellar interaction parameter was obtained by the mixtures VIII and IV (−1.85 and −1.80, respectively). These results justified the strong relationship between the corrosion inhibition efficiency and the micellar interaction parameters of the mixed surfactants which used as an organic corrosion inhibitors.

Highly Efficient Nano-Structured Polymer-Based Membrane/Sorbent for Oil Adsorption from O/W Emulsion Conducted of Petroleum Wastewater

Wastewater disposal has been an important issue from an environmental perspective in terms of the serious damages and harms its contaminants may cause. Treatment of the wastewater, through the pollutants removal, either before disposal or for the reuse in certain industrial or agricultural purposes, is an essential process. In response to this environmental claim, a novel nano-structured, macro-porous, polymer-based membrane/sorbent was prepared, in terms of its highly open and porous structure with nano-structured sorbent interconnecting walls and based on high internal phase emulsion polymerization. This sorbent was used to remove the oil from polluted wastewater in a laboratory-scale through the application of a new method called flotation–nano-filtration. In order to avoid the water flux decline and simultaneously enhance the oil removal efficiency from the wastewater, the polymeric material, after being prepared and used in sheet form (membrane), was ultimately introduced to the wastewater system as small pieces, as with the intention of physically increasing the area of surface for the oil removal. The material performance studies applied several variables, namely, the physical sectioning of the material surface area, sorbent concentration, mixing speed, and mixing time. An efficiency of 99.75% for the oil removal from the polluted water was successfully achieved at 75 minutes mixing time, a sorbent concentration of 0.158 g/200 mL (each piece with dimensions of 2 mm × 3 mm × 1 mm), and 300 rpm mixing speed. The sorbent structure before and after the oil removal process was examined using scanning electron microscope and x-ray diffraction analysis.

Demulsification Efficiency of Some New Demulsifiers Based on 1,3,5-Triethanolhexahydro-1,3,5-triazine

This study mainly concentrates on the synthesis of three novel demulsifiers and the investigation of their demulsification efficiency. The demulsifiers were derived from 1,3,5-triethanolhexahydro-1,3,5-triazine, which was prepared by the reaction of monoethanol amine with formaldehyde. The 1,3,5-triethanolhexahydro-1,3,5-triazine was ethoxylated by introducing 20 units of ethylene oxide and then esterified at different molar ratios with oleic acid (1, 2, and 3) to give three demulsifiers, namely, E20TO, E20TO2, and E20TO3. The chemical structures of the prepared demulsifiers were confirmed by 1H NMR and FTIR spectrum. The demulsification efficiency of these demulsifiers was tested on the natural water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions (50% water content). From the obtained results, it has been found that the investigated demulsifiers have a great potential to break the w/o emulsions. The trioleat ester (E20TO3) exhibited the maximum demulsification efficiency (96%) after 120 minutes at 55°C.

Formation and Stability of Water-in-Diesel Fuel Nanoemulsions Prepared by High-Energy Method

In this work, water-in-diesel fuel nanoemulsions were prepared with mixed nonionic surfactants. Five emulsions with different water contents: 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9% (wt/wt) were prepared using high-energy method. Several mixtures of sorbitan monooleate, and polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate, results in different hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) values (9.6, 9.8, 10, 10.2, and 10.4) were prepared to achieve the optimal HLB value used in the preparation of nanoemulsions. The effect of water, mixed surfactant concentration and HLB value on the droplet size has been studied. Droplet size of the prepared nanoemulsions was determined by dynamic light scattering, and the nanoemulsion stability assessed, measuring the variation of the droplet size as a function of time. From the obtained results, it was found that the mean droplet sizes formed between 49.55 and 190.1 nm depend on the water content, the concentration of the emulsifiers blend and HLB value.

A new modified low-energy emulsification method for preparation of water-in-diesel fuel nanoemulsion as alternative fuel

ABSTRACT In this research, 24 of water-in-diesel fuel nanoemulsions were prepared using mixed nonionic surfactants of sorbitan monooleate and polyoxyethylene sorbitan trioleate (MTS). The emulsions were formed using a new modified low-energy method at hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value of 10 and a working temperature of 20°C. Five HLB values of 9.6, 9.8, 10, 10.2, and 10.4 were prepared to identify the optimum value that gives low water droplet size at working conditions as: 5 wt% of water contents, 10 wt% of mixed surfactant concentration, and a temperature of 20°C. The effect of mixed surfactant concentration and water content on the droplet size for 0, 15, 30, 60, and 90 days has been studied. Droplet size of the prepared nanoemulsions was determined by dynamic light scattering and the nanoemulsion stability was assessed by measuring the variation of the droplet size as a function of time. Results show that the mean droplet sizes were formed between 26.23 and 277.1 nm depending on the surfactant concentrations, water contents, and storage time. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Synthesis of Some Oil Spill Dispersants From Locally Alkyl Benzene and Evaluating Their Dispersion Efficiency and Toxicity

Seven surface-active agents used as oil spill dispersants were prepared based on linear alkyl benzene-N-hydroxyl ethyl sulfonamide. Five of them are nonionic and the other two are ionic. These surfactants were prepared from locally raw materials. Their chemical structure and surface-active properties were investigated using the FT-IR, surface tension, and interfacial tension measurements. The efficiency of these dispersants was compared with a commercial used dispersant from Dasic Company. The toxicity test was carried out using aquatic animal (Modiolus adriaticus). The animal was exposed to these dispersants for 120 h at different dispersant to oil ratio. From the obtained results it was found that, the percentage of mortality of mussels after 1-h exposure from the start of the tests equalized zero. It varied with passing time up to 120 h, at which the mortality rate became 50%.

Synergistic effect between surfactants and polyacrylates-maleicanhydride copolymers to improve the flow properties of waxy crude oil

ABSTRACT Four copolymers were prepared by copolymerization of octadecyl acrylate with maleic anhydride abbreviated as [ODM], the resulted copolymer was reacted with octadecylalcohol [ODMSA], hexadecylamine [ODMCA], benzyl alcohol [ODMBA] and aniline [ODMAn]. Three oil-soluble surfactants were also prepared by esterification of mono, di and tri ethanolamine with oleic acid, abbreviated as [MEAO, DEAO and TEAO]. These compounds were purified and characterized by FTIR, 1H-NMR and GPC. The prepared copolymers were evaluated individually and mixed with the oil-soluble surfactants and evaluated as flow improvers and pour point depressants for waxy crude oil. It was found that, the polymer with aromatic side chain [ODMBA] exhibited the maximum pour point depression ΔPP = 24°C at concentration 1000 ppm, while the minimum pour point depression was obtained by [ODMCA] which pronounced ΔPP = 15°C at 1000 ppm. Furthermore, the blend [B4] between [ODMBA] and oil-soluble surfactant [TEAO] achieved extra depression of pour point (ΔPP = 30°C). The rheological properties of the treated and untreated crude oil with the polymeric additives were also investigated and it was found that Bingham yield value (τB) was decreased from 1.63 Pa at 32°C to 0.3 Pa at the same temperature and 500 ppm concentration of [ODMBA]. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Investigation of oil and emulsion stability of locally prepared metalworking fluids

Purpose – No one particular fluid has cooling and lubrication properties suitable for every metalworking application. The purpose of this paper is first, to investigate the effect of anionic and nonionic mixed emulsifier system in stabilization of cutting fluid formulations and second, to study the interaction synergism of the fulfill additives of metalworking fluids to achieve low scar diameters, high stability, anti rusting and corrosion properties.Design/methodology/approach – A lot of set mixtures in this work were formulated to get the demand needed for soluble oil metalworking fluids. It was based on a blend of emulsifier package (anionic‐non ionic), and in order to reach acceptable manufacturing conditions, coupling agent, stabilizer, biocide, base oil and anti‐rust additives were added to the formulation. Different percentages of these components were incorporated to optimize the stability of the emulsifier system. Standard tests were carried out to evaluate the performance of oil‐in‐water (O/W) e...

Investigating the synergistic effect between oil soluble surfactants and styrene–maleic anhydride copolymers to enhance the flow properties of waxy crude oil

ABSTRACT Styrene–maleic anhydride (SMA) copolymer is prepared and then reacted with octadecyl alcohol SMASA, hexadecylamine SMACA, benzyl alcohol SMABA, and aniline SMAAn to obtain four copolymers. Three oil soluble surfactants are prepared by esterification of mono-, di-, and triethanolamine with oleic acid MEAO, DEAO, and TEAO. The structure of the prepared copolymers is characterized using spectroscopic techniques such as infra-red (FTIR), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The prepared copolymers are evaluated individually as flow improvers then mixed with surfactants. From the results, it is found that the copolymer with aliphatic side chain SMACA exhibited the maximum pour point depression (ΔPP = 21°C at 1,500 ppm), whereas the rest copolymers SMASA, SMABA, and SMAAn exhibited the same pour point depression ΔPP = 18°C at 1,500 ppm. Moreover, the blend (B4) between SMACA and TEAO exhibited the maximum pour point depression ΔPP = 27°C.