Masteria Yunovilsa Putra

In vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities of twelve sponges collected from the Anambas Islands, Indonesia

Abstract Objective To evaluate antimicrobial activities in methanolic extracts of twelve sponges collected from the Anambas Islands, Indonesia. Methods The antibacterial activity of methanolic extracts was tested against two Gram-positive bacteria, viz. Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), and two Gram-negative bacteria, viz. Eschericia coli (ATCC 25922) and Vibrio anguillarum (ATCC 19264) using the disk diffusion assay. The antifungal activity was similarly tested against Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) and Aspergillus niger (ATCC 16404). The minimum inhibitory concentrations of promising sponges extracts were determined by the microdilution technique. Results All the sponge species in this study showed antimicrobial activities against at least one of the test strains. Antibacterial activities were observed in 66.7% of the sponges extracts, while 30.0% of the extracts exhibited antifungal activities. Among them, the extracts of the sponges Stylissa massa and Axinyssa sp. were the most active against four tested bacteria and the yeast Candida albicans . The sponge Theonella swinhoei and two species of Xestospongia also displayed significant activities against two fungal pathogens Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger . Conclusions Antimicrobial activities were demonstrated in extracts from various marine sponges collected from the Anambas Islands, Indonesia. The most promising sponges among them were Stylissa massa and Axinyssa sp. This is the first report of antimicrobial activity in extracts of marine sponges from the Indonesian Anambas Islands.

Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Properties of the Ascidians Lissoclinum patella, Oxycoryna fascicularis, Didemnum molle and Botryllus schlosseri

The aim of this research is to investigate antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity from Indonesian ascidians. Extracts prepared from the Indonesian ascidians Lissoclinum patella , Oxycoryna fascicularis, Didemnum molle and Botryllus schlosseri were assessed for anti-microbial and cytotoxic properties. Antibacterial activity of the extracts was tested against two Gram-positive bacteria, viz. Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, and three Gram-negative bacteria, viz. Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Vibrio cholerae ATCC 14035 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 101454 using the disk diffusion test. Antifungal activity was also tested against Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of potential ascidian extracts were determined by the microdilution technique. Cytotoxicity of the extracts was assessed using the brine shrimp lethality bioassay. By comparing the inhibition zones in the disk diffusion test, the most active anti-bacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria ( S. aureus and B. subtilis ) was found in the crude extracts of Oxycoryna fascicularis and Didemnum molle . Lissoclinum patella extract showed the highest activity against the Gram-negative bacteria E. coli and V. cholerae . The LC 50 values of the crude extracts of Lissoclinum patella, Didemnum molle, Botryllus schlosseri, and Oxycoryna fascicularis were 74.3, 97.2, 114.7 and 132.9 μg/ml, respectively. In our study, the most promising species for anti-microbial and cytotoxic properties are Lissoclinum patella and Didemnum molle .

Evaluation of antibacterial activity from Indonesian marine soft coral Sinularia sp.

Marine organisms are rich source of bioactive secondary metabolites. The remarkable abundance and diversity of bioactive small molecule that has been isolated from soft corals, sponges, ascidian and other marine invertebrates have made these organisms an important source of new drug candidates for human diseases, particularly antimicrobial activity. The methanolic extract of an Indonesian soft coral Sinularia sp. showed potent activity against Bacillus substilis, Escherichia coli, Vibrio eltor and Staphylococcus aureus. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloid, saponin, terpenoid, steroid and glycoside in the methanolic extract of Sinularia sp. Fraction 7 from ethyl acetate portion of Sinularia sp. extract showed good activity against Vibrio eltor (MIC = 125 µg · mL−1).Marine organisms are rich source of bioactive secondary metabolites. The remarkable abundance and diversity of bioactive small molecule that has been isolated from soft corals, sponges, ascidian and other marine invertebrates have made these organisms an important source of new drug candidates for human diseases, particularly antimicrobial activity. The methanolic extract of an Indonesian soft coral Sinularia sp. showed potent activity against Bacillus substilis, Escherichia coli, Vibrio eltor and Staphylococcus aureus. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloid, saponin, terpenoid, steroid and glycoside in the methanolic extract of Sinularia sp. Fraction 7 from ethyl acetate portion of Sinularia sp. extract showed good activity against Vibrio eltor (MIC = 125 µg · mL−1).

Phenolic content, anti-oxidant, anti-plasmodium and cytotoxic properties of the sponge Acanthella cavernosa

Abstract Objective To investigate the total phenolic content, anti-oxidant capacity and cytotoxic activity present in the n -hexane, ethyl acetate, n -butanol and aqueous fractions of an extract collected at Selayar Island, Indonesia. Methods The antioxidant activity was performed by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging method and β-carotene bleaching assay. All fractions from the crude extract of Acanthella cavernosa ( A. cavernosa) were examined for their cytotoxicity using brine shrimp lethality bioassay and heme polymerization inhibitory activity assay for antimalarial activity. Results The highest phenolic content was found in the n -butanol fraction, followed by the ethyl acetate, aqueous and n -hexane fractions. The highest antioxidant activity, as determined by the β-carotene bleaching assay, was observed in the n -hexane fraction. On the other hand, the n -hexane fraction was most effective in suppressing 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals and neutralizing 50% of free radicals at the concentration of 171.86 μg/mL. Various fractions of the A. cavernosa extract showed the ability to inhibit heme polymerization indicating an anti- Plasmodium function. In this regard, the ethyl acetate fraction achieved an IC 50 value of 3.3 μg/mL. The aqueous fraction showed moderate cytotoxic activity against the brine shrimp Artemia sp. Conclusions This study provided information on antioxidant, total phenolic content and antimalarial activities as well as the cytotoxicity of all fractions from the crude extract of A. cavernosa . The natural anti- Plasmodium compounds are of particular interest. Further studies are needed for a more extensive screening and characterization of the bioactive components in this sponge.