Maysa Ferreira Martins Ribeiro

Parental stress in families of children with cerebral palsy: an integrative review

This article aims to select, evaluate and interpret critically the bibliographic production focused on the stress experienced by parents/caregivers of children with cerebral palsy. An integrative literature review was conducted. Sources for this search were the Virtual Health Library (VHL), the United States National Library of Medicine (PubMed) and manual search of references from the selected studies. It was decided to select studies published between 1998 and 2011. The sample included 13 articles. Parents of children with cerebral palsy have higher stress levels than parents of children without disabilities. Behavioral problems, psychological disorders and emotional needs of children were factors commonly associated with high levels of stress. Satisfaction with social support, satisfaction with the parental role, a good family rapport, an emotional bond between father/mother and child, spousal support and the sense of being an active participation in social life help reduce stress levels. Parents of children with cerebral palsy are likely to have their health affected by higher levels of stress. Thus, health professionals should give them special attention.

Paralisia cerebral e síndrome de Down: nível de conhecimento e informação dos pais

The study sought to identify and analyze research related to knowledge and information received by parents of children with cerebral palsy or Down syndrome about these disabilities. It involves a bibliographical revision limited to the period from 1996 through 2008. Computerized data bases were used to collect information, using the following terms as key words: cerebral palsy, Down syndrome, knowledge and family. Fifty-seven studies were located from which 16 were selected; of these, seven were related to cerebral palsy, four to Down syndrome and five were related to sundry deficiencies. The parents receive little information from the healthcare staff and clearly have many doubts about cerebral palsy and Down syndrome. This makes it very difficult for the parents to assist in the treatment of their children, as well as interfering in educational practices and decision-making. There is a need for educational actions to change this reality. Only one research project sought to implement educational strategies which focused on broadening knowledge among family members about aspects related to Down syndrome. It was concluded that there is an urgent need to conduct research and develop actions that contribute to parents being better informed and more secure about their childrens health care.

Estresse parental em famílias de crianças com paralisia cerebral: revisão integrativa

This article aims to select, evaluate and interpret critically the bibliographic production focused on the stress experienced by parents/caregivers of children with cerebral palsy. An integrative literature review was conducted. Sources for this search were the Virtual Health Library (VHL), the United States National Library of Medicine (PubMed) and manual search of references from the selected studies. It was decided to select studies published between 1998 and 2011. The sample included 13 articles. Parents of children with cerebral palsy have higher stress levels than parents of children without disabilities. Behavioral problems, psychological disorders and emotional needs of children were factors commonly associated with high levels of stress. Satisfaction with social support, satisfaction with the parental role, a good family rapport, an emotional bond between father/mother and child, spousal support and the sense of being an active participation in social life help reduce stress levels. Parents of children with cerebral palsy are likely to have their health affected by higher levels of stress. Thus, health professionals should give them special attention.

Paralisia cerebral: faixa etária e gravidade do comprometimento do filho modificam o estresse e o enfrentamento materno

Estudo com objetivo de compreender de que forma a faixa etaria e a gravidade do comprometimento motor dos filhos modificam o significado que mulheres, maes de filhos com paralisia cerebral, atribuem ao estresse e conhecer as estrategias de enfrentamento utilizadas por elas. Abordagem qualitativa com referencial metodologico na Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados. Dezenove mulheres, maes de criancas e de adolescentes com diferentes graus de comprometimento motor participaram de entrevistas individuais e semiestruturadas. A falta de apoio, a expansao do tempo e do esforco investido no papel de mae, em detrimento de outras areas da vida, prejudicam a saude fisica e emocional das participantes. Mulheres com filhos que apresentam leve comprometimento sofrem com o desafio de lidar com os problemas emocionais, a agressividade e as dificuldades de aprendizado dos filhos. Para maes de filhos com grave comprometimento, o mais dificil e lidar com as complicacoes de saude e as limitacoes funcionais. Maes de criancas, relatam fontes de estresse diversificadas e escassez de recursos; ja as maes de adolescentes acumulam experiencias e retomam os planos de vida. As experiencias, o conhecimento e o apoio recebido sao decisivos para a adaptacao.

Stress in Parents of Children and Adolescents with Down Syndrome

Estudo com objetivo de avaliar a presenca de niveis de estresse geral e parental em pais de criancas e adolescentes com sindrome de Down. Trata-se de um estudo transversal e analitico, realizado em cinco instituicoes que atendem pessoas com deficiencia em Goiânia, Goias. Amostra foi composta por 40 pais. Instrumentos de avaliacao do estresse: Inventario de Sintomas de Estresse para Adultos de Lipp (ISSL), Parenting Stress Index Short Form (PSI/SF). Quanto a avaliacao do estresse geral por meio do ISSL: a maioria dos pais nao estavam estressados. Quanto a manifestacao do estresse parental: o escore medio do estresse dos pais foi baixo nas tres subescalas e no questionario total, entretanto, 35% dos pais apresentaram niveis de estresse considerado preocupante. Pais de adolescentes apresentaram escore medio mais alto do que pais de criancas, na subescala interacao disfuncional genitor-crianca (p=0,03). Houve maior proporcao de pais de adolescentes com nivel de estresse considerado preocupante (n= 54,50%, p=0,008). A comparacao entre os dados socioeconomicos e o estresse parental revelou que o estresse e maior em pais com menos escolaridade. Os resultados chamam atencao para a necessidade de assistir a saude emocional de pais de filhos com sindrome de Down, com foco para os pais de adolescentes. Stress in parents of children and teenagers with Down Syndrome The aim of this study is analysing the presence of worried levels of general and parental stress in parents who has children and teenagers with down´s syndrome. This is a transversal and analytic study that happened in five instituctions that assist people with deficiency in Goiania, Goias. The sample consists of forty parents. Instruments of analyses of the stress: List of symptoms of stress to adults of LIPP (ISSL). The analyses of the general stress happened through of LIPP test: most of the parents wasn´t stressed but those who had stress were in the phase of resistance. In respect of the manifestation of the parental stress: the average level of stress of the parents was low in the three subscales and in the entire questionaire, however, 35% of the parents showed worried levels of stress. Parents of teenagers showed average level higher than the parents of children in the subscale dysfunctional interaction genitor-child. There was bigger proportion of parents of teenagers they have worried levels of stress. Comparison between the socioeconomic data and the parental stress revealed that the stress is bigger in parents who have studied a little bit. The results show that it´s necessary to help the emotional health of parents and children with down´s syndrome with the focus to the parents of teenagers.

G-quadruplex Formation Enhances Splicing Efficiency Of Pax9 Intron 1

G-quadruplexes are secondary structures present in DNA and RNA molecules, which are formed by stacking of G-quartets (i.e., interaction of four guanines (G-tracts) bounded by Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding). Human PAX9 intron 1 has a putative G-quadruplex-forming region located near exon 1, which is present in all known sequenced placental mammals. Using circular dichroism (CD) analysis and CD melting, we showed that these sequences are able to form highly stable quadruplex structures. Due to the proximity of the quadruplex structure to exon–intron boundary, we used a validated double-reporter splicing assay and qPCR to analyze its role on splicing efficiency. The human quadruplex was shown to have a key role on splicing efficiency of PAX9 intron 1, as a mutation that abolished quadruplex formation decreased dramatically the splicing efficiency of human PAX9 intron 1. The less stable, rat quadruplex had a less efficient splicing when compared to human sequences. Additionally, the treatment with 360A, a strong ligand that stabilizes quadruplex structures, further increased splicing efficiency of human PAX9 intron 1. Altogether, these results provide evidences that G-quadruplex structures are involved in splicing efficiency of PAX9 intron 1.