Md. Saddam Hussain

Elevated serum MDA and depleted non-enzymatic antioxidants, macro-minerals and trace elements are associated with bipolar disorder

Genetic and neurobiological factors are considered to be the major causes of mood and mental disorders. However, over the past few years, increased levels of serum malondialdehyde and altered levels of various non-enzymatic antioxidants and essential minerals involved in abnormal functional activity have been identified as major contributing factors to the pathogenesis of several neurological disorders. The aim of this study was to determine the levels of the serum lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA), antioxidants (vitamin A, E and C), macro-minerals (calcium, potassium and sodium) and trace elements (zinc, iron and selenium) in patients with bipolar disorder and to explore their role in disease progression. This is a prospective case-control study that evaluated 55 patients with bipolar disorder and 55 healthy volunteers matched by age and sex. Serum MDA levels were determined by UV spectrophotometry as a marker of lipid peroxidation. RP-HPLC was employed to investigate the serum vitamin A and E concentrations, whereas UV spectrophotometry was used to quantify levels of vitamin C. Serum macro-minerals and trace elements were analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Statistical analysis was performed with independent sample t-tests and Pearsons correlation test. We found significantly higher concentrations of MDA (p<0.05) and significantly lower concentrations of antioxidants (vitamin A, E and C) (p<0.05) in the patient group compared with control group. Regarding trace elements and macro-minerals, lower concentrations of zinc, calcium, iron, selenium, sodium and potassium were found in the patient group compared with control subjects (p<0.05). Our study suggests that high serum MDA concentrations and low serum concentrations of antioxidants, macro-minerals and trace elements are strongly associated with bipolar disorder.

Safety Evaluation of Chocolate Brown Dye in Swiss albino Mice

Objective: Chocolate Brown is a brown synthetic diazo dye which is mainly used in chocolate cakes and also in other food products. The present study was designed to evaluate toxic effects of chocolate brown dye considering the biochemical and pathological parameters of Swiss albino mice. Methods: The experimental animals were subdivided into 3 groups such as control, group 1 (received chocolate brown dye at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight) and group 2 (received chocolate brown dye at a dose of 400 mg/kg body weight) containing 5 mice in each of the groups. Different group of mice were fed with normal diet for 25 days and their body weight was taken every day. At 26th day their blood serum and some organ was collected for conducting biochemical and pathological analysis. Results: During this study a remarkable increase in body weight was noticed in case of group 2 when compared to the control group. But surprisingly group 1 showed less increase in body weight than control group. This study showed that the weight of liver, heart and kidney was increased in case of group 2. While group 1 showed increased in heart weight but its kidney and liver weight was actually lower in comparison to the control group. Furthermore we have also found a significant raise in blood bilirubin level when dose increased from 200 mg/kg to 400 mg/kg. All the tests showed that chocolate brown dye is more poisonous at higher dose compared to lower one. Conclusion: Considering the inferential data on the physiological and biochemical parameters of mice the study recommends the withdrawal of the chocolate brown dye from the local market. People should be more concern about the hazardous effects of chocolate brown dye.

Thrombolytic, CNS Depressant and Anti-Diarrhoeal Activities of Ethanolic Extract of Bark of Syzygium cumini L. Skeels: An In-Vivo and In-Vitro Study

The present study was aimed to create scientific insights that validate the traditional use of bark of ethanolic extract of S. cumini in thrombosis, CNS depression and in diarrheal cases. The CNS depressant activity was evaluated by observing the locomotor activity of the animals in the open field and forced swim methods at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight and the anti-diarrheal activity was evaluated through castor oil induced method and charcoal induced GI motility tests. Finally thrombolytic activity assessment was done by employing Streptokinase as standard. In this study, among the five different concentrations 10 mg/ml showed maximum clot lysis that was 48.5%, whereas standard showed 51.05% lysis of clot. In case of open field test, the mean number of movement at 60 min were 20 and 31.11 at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively. In case of castor oil induced method the above two doses of bark extract of S. cumini exhibited 23.07% and 36.67% of diarrheal inhibition compared to the standard Loperamide (5mg/kg) was 50%. For charcoal induced GI motility test, diarrheal inhibition was 23.07% and 36.67%. The present revealed that ethanolic bark extract of bark of S. cumini justify its traditional uses through good thrombolytic, CNS depressant and anti-diarrheal activity.

Ascertainment of pharmacological activities of Allamanda neriifolia Hook and Aegialitis rotundifolia Roxb used in Bangladesh: An in vitro study

The present study was cherished to investigate in vitro thrombolytic, membrane stabilizing and antibacterial activities of Allamanda neriifolia and Aegialitis rotundifolia. Different types methanolic extracts of these two medicinal plants were tested for determining membrane stabilizing activity at a hypotonic solution and heat induce condition by comparing with reference standard acetyl salicylic acid (0.10 mg/mL), where thrombolytic activity assessment was done by employing Streptokinase as standard drug. Finally, antibacterial activity was performed against Staphylococcus aureus as a Gram-positive (+ve) and Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as Gram negative (−ve) bacteria by using disc diffusion method. In case of membrane stabilizing studies, crude methanolic extracts of A. neriifolia at 10 mg/ml concentration, more importantly, showed 45.80% & 23.52% whereas 10 mg/ml concentration of A. rotundifolia more significantly (p < 0.01) produced 38.40% and 27.04% inhibition of hemolysis for both experimental conditions. Dose-dependently increased activity was found in the thrombolytic study where 10 mg/ml concentration of both A. neriifolia and A. rotundifolia more significantly (p < 0.01) showed 41.91% and 32.76% lysis of clot respectively by in vitro clot lysis assay method. Crude methanolic extracts of A. rotundifolia did not show any suitable antibacterial property against the test bacteria. However, the gram positive (+ve) bacteria also seemed resistant against A. neriifolia extract but this crude methanolic extracts was found to generate moderate antibacterial action against gram-negative (−ve) bacteria. The obtained results confirmed the presence of thrombolytic, membrane stabilizing activity for both plant extract along with moderate antibacterial activity for A. neriifolia.

Thrombolytic, Membrane Stabilizing, Analgesic activities along with Phytochemical Screening of the Methanolic Extract of Xanthium indicum Koenig Fruits

Objective: This study aimed to assess the thrombolytic, membrane stabilizing, and antinociceptive activities of the methanolic extract of Xanthium indicum Koenig fruits along with its phytochemical screening. Material and Methods: Qualitative analysis method is adopted to evaluate phytochemicals. In-vivo antinociceptive efficacy was assessed using acetic acid induced writhing method in mice model. In-vitro membrane stabilizing and thrombolytic test were done by % inhibition of hypotonic solution produced hemolysis and clot disruption assay respectively. Results: Crude methanolic extract was used for phytochemical screening which confirmed the presence of reducing sugars, tannin, saponin, protein, phenol and diterpenes. In antinociceptive activity test, 500 mg/kg dose of crude extract showed 40% inhibition of writhing, while 200mg/kg showed 22.64%. 10 mg/ml extract inhibit highest rate of hemolysis with a value of 51.79% in membrane stabilizing activity test; while for acetyl salicylic acid (0.10 mg/ml), this value was 71.35%. In thrombolytic activity test, 10 mg/ml plant extract showed 27.11% of clot-lysis, which was maximum among our tested concentration; however 40.08%lysiswas occurred by the standard drug streptokinase. In all cases, we found the dose dependant response. Tannin and flavonoid are known to be responsible for antinociceptive and thrombolytic response. Conclusion: As the methanolic extract of the fruits of X. indicum possess potential pharmacological effects, the plant should be scrutinized comprehensively to uncover the inherent bioactive components with their exact mechanism of action for the drug development program.

An in vivo study of the pharmacological activities of a methanolic acetate fraction of Pistia stratiotes L.: An ethno-medicinal plant used in Bangladesh

The present study covered an assessment of methanolic acetate fractions of Pistia stratiotes, commonly known as water lettuce, for analgesic, anti‐inflammatory, and CNS depressant activities.