Mehmet Bashan

Does 900 MHZ GSM Mobile Phone Exposure Affect Rat Brain

This study investigated the effects of cell phone exposure on the fatty acid composition in phospholipids, malondialdehyde concentration, p53 immune reactivity and histological structure of the rat brain. Sixteen Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups of eight, sham and experimental (speech conditions). The rats were confined to Plexiglas cages, and cellular phone were placed 0.5 cm under the cages. For the experimental group, cellular phones were activated 20 minutes per day, 7 days a week, for 1 month. For the sham group, the cellular phones were placed beneath the cages with the phones turned off. The Whole Body Average SAR (rms) was 0.52 W/kg and 1 g averaged peak SAR (rms) 3.13 W/kg. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used for statistical comparisons of groups. Histological alteration and changes in brain phospholipid fatty acids composition were not observed in rat brains. Immunohistochemical staining of brain tissue shown that p53 immunoreactivity was not affected by cell phone exposure. Malondialdehyde concentration in exposed brains was significantly higher than sham (p < 0.05).

Changes in Composition of Phospholipid and Triacylglycerol Fatty Acids Prepared from Prediapausing and Diapausing Individuals of Dolycoris baccarum and Piezodorus lituratus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)

Abstract Although new generation (prediapausing) adults of Dolycoris baccarum (L.) and Piezodorus lituratus (F.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) spend the summer in fields, diapausing individuals spend the winter in overwintering localities under stones and plants. The phospholipid and triacylglycerol fatty acid composition of whole insects from prediapausing and diapausing adults was analyzed to determine changes in fatty acid unsaturation during diapause. The most abundant fatty acids from both fractions were palmitic (16:0), oleic (18:1), linoleic (18:2n-6), palmitoleic (16:1n-7), stearic (18:0), and linolenic (18:3n-3) acids. This represents a typical complement of heteropteran fatty acids. However, palmitoleic acid (16:1n-7) levels were higher in the triacylglycerol fraction in diapausing adults of P. lituratus (13.6%) than those reported from other heteropterans (1–3%) (Thompson 1973). The unsaturation/saturation ratio was significantly increased in triacylglycerol and phospholipid, apparently because of increases in major monounsaturated 18:1 at the expense of major saturated 16:0 during diapause. These changes were probably a response to low environmental temperatures.

The fatty acid compositions of predator Piocoris luridus （Heteroptera： Lygaeidae） and its host Monosteria unicostata （Heteroptera： Tingidae） reared on almond

The changes in fatty acid compositions during nutritional interaction among almond Amygdalus communis Linnaeus (Rosales: Rosaceae) (host plant), lacebug Monosteria unicostata (Mulsant and Rey) (Heteroptera: Tingidae) and its predator Piocoris luridus Fieber (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae) were determined by gas chromatography and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry analyses. The fatty acid profiles of phospholipids and triacylglycerols were substantially different. Unlike the general observations for virtually most terrestrial insects, arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids were detected in high proportions of phospholipid fractions in both insects, especially in P. luridus. Also the almond tissues provide very little oleic acid to the herbivore diet, yet both insect species developed high proportions of this component. Our data reveals instances of specific accumulation of fatty acid biosynthesis, elongation/desaturation, and not incorporating selected fatty acids into cellular lipids.

The Influence of Life-cycle on Phospholipid and Triacylglycerol Fatty Acid Profiles of Aelia rostrata Boheman (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)

Abstract The fatty acid compositions of phospholipid and triacylglycerol fractions of total lipids prepared from eggs, nymphs, new-generation, aestivating, and diapausing adults of the wheat stink bug Aelia rostrata Boheman (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major components were C16 and C18 saturated and unsaturated fatty acid ubiquitous to most animal species. In addition to these components, several odd-chain (C13:0, C15:0, and C17:0) and prostaglandin-precursor fatty acids were found. The fatty acid profiles of phospholipids and triacyglycerols were substantially different. Generally, the phospholipids were higher than triacyglycerols in polyunsaturated fatty acids. The unsaturation/saturation ratio for phospholipid was higher than calculated for triacylglycerol. There were substantial differences in fatty acid compositions from different development stages. In phospholipid fractions, the fatty acid profiles from eggs and nymph were not the same, with decreased palmitoleic acid proportions in nymphs. Eggs also differed from the adult stage, with lower proportions of myristic and higher proportions of palmitoleic and eicosenoic acids. Percentages of linoleic acid increased significantly at the expense of palmitic acid from new-generation adult compared to other nymphal stages. In triacylglcerol fraction, the content of oleic acid in nymphs and most adults stages decreased relative to eggs. In both fractions, polyunsaturated fatty acids contents were higher in female than in male. The proportion of unsaturation/saturation ratio was significantly increased in phospholipid and triacylglycerol, apparently because of increases in major monounsaturated oleic acid at the expense of saturated palmitic acid during diapause. Thus, temperature and development stages seem to play an important role of lipid metabolism in the wheat stink bug.

Total lipid and fatty acid compositions of Lertha sheppardi (Neuroptera: Nemopteridae) during its main life stages

Total lipid and the fatty acid compositions of phospholipid and triacylglycerol fractions, prepared from eggs, 3rd instars of larvae, pupae, male and female adults of Lertha sheppardi, were analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The effect of diet (adults’ nutrition) on fatty acid composition of L. sheppardi adults was also investigated. Total lipid of L. sheppardi considerably increased in adults compared with immature stages. There was a significant decrease in total lipid level in larval stage in contrast with egg stage. Qualitative analysis revealed the presence of 14 fatty acids during all stages. The major components were C16 and C18 saturated and unsaturated components which are ubiquitous to most animal species. In addition to these components, one odd-chain (C17:0) and prostaglandin precursor fatty acids were found. The fatty acid profiles of phospholipids and triacylglycerols were substantially different. In phospholipid fraction, monounsaturated fatty acids were the major proportion of fatty acids in both sex of adults and pupae, whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids were the most dominant fatty acids in eggs and 3rd instars. Results of triacylglycerol fraction revealed that fatty acid composition of eggs had higher level of C16:1, C18:0 and C18:3n-3 content than that of 3rd instars and pupae, which suggests accumulation of energetic and structural reserve materials during embryonic development. At more advanced developmental stages, mainly in adult females, the amount of C16:1 increased once again, which may be related to the need for accumulation of sufficient energy and of carbon reservoir in the developing new vitellum. Percentages of C18:1 were significantly high in adult stages compared to other stages. These findings indicate that the accumulation and consumption of fatty acids fluctuate through different development stages. Diet did not effect the fatty acid composition of L. sheppardi adults.

The protective role of vitamin E on the fatty acid composition of phospholipid structure in gill and liver tissues of Oreochromis niloticus exposed to deltamethrin

Deltamethrin is a commonly used pyrethroid pesticide. Vitamin E is a antioxidant that plays an important role in protecting cells against toxicity by inactivating free radicals generated following pesticides exposure. Therefore, in the present study, it was evaluated whether deltamethrin induced changes on the fatty acid composition of phospholipid in gill and liver tissues in Oreochromis niloticus and, the possible protective effect of vitamin E against deltamethrin was determined. Fish was fed with no pesticide+control diet, no pesticide+vitamin E-supplemented diet, 1.45 μg/l deltamethrin+control diet, 1.45 μg/l deltamethrin+vitamin E-supplemented diet for twenty days. Pesticide and diet quality made an impact on the fatty acid composition of phospholipid. In treatments of deltamethrin, group fed with control diet showed much greater damage in comparison with group fed with vitamin E supplemented diet. The results indicated that the deltamethrin led to an increase in the percentages of total SFAs (saturated fatty acids) and total MUFAs (monounsaturated fatty acids) and a decrease in total PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids) in the gill tissues. However, coadministration of deltamethrin and vitamin E showed decrease in the percentages of saturated fatty acids and increase in the percentages of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the gill tissues. In group fed with control diet, deltamethrin led to a decrease in the percentage of SFAs and a increase in total MUFAs in the liver. Coadministration of deltamethrin and vitamin E showed increase in the percentages of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the liver tissues. These results have demonstrated that administration of vitamin E along with deltamethrin decreases the peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids and thus protects the cell membranes.

Acute Toxicity of Deltamethrin on the Fatty Acid Composition of Phospholipid Classes in Liver and Gill Tissues of Nile tilapia

Deltamethrin is a pyrethroid pesticide contaminating aquatic ecosystems. The purpose of this study was to clarify the acute toxicity of deltamethrin on the fatty acids of phospholipid (PL) classes in liver and gill of Nile tilapia. The fatty acids of PL classes were analyzed by gas chromatography. Deltamethrin brought about differences in the fatty acids of the PL classes in the liver and gill. In the liver of exposed fish, 16:0, 18:2(n-6), 22:6(n-3) in phosphatidylcholine (PC); 16:0, 18:1(n-9), 18:2(n-6), 20:4(n-6), 22:6(n-3) in phosphatidylethanolamine (PE); 16:0, 18:0, 18:1(n-9), 20:4(n-6), 22:6(n-3) in phosphatidylinositol (PI) and in phosphatidylserine (PS) 16:0, 18:1(n-9), 20:4(n-6), 22:6(n-3) were the affected fatty acids. There were significant alterations in ∑MUFAs (monounsaturated fatty acids), ∑(n-3)PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids) and ∑(n-6)PUFAs in PC; ∑SFAs (saturated fatty acids), ∑MUFAs, ∑PUFAs, ∑(n-3)PUFAs and ∑(n-6)PUFAs in PE; ∑SFAs, ∑MUFAs, ∑(n-3)PUFAs and ∑(n-6)PUFAs in PI and ∑SFAs, ∑MUFAs, ∑PUFAs and ∑(n-3)PUFAs in PS. In the gill, 18:2(n-6), 20:4(n-6), 22:6(n-3) in PC; 16:0, 18:1(n-9), 20:4(n-6), 22:6(n-3) in PE; 16:0, 18:0, 18:1(n-9), 18:2(n-6) in PI and in PS 16:0, 18:0,18:1(n-9), 20:3(n-6), 20:5(n-3), 22:6(n-3) affected. The alterations in ∑SFAs, ∑MUFAs, ∑PUFAs and ∑(n-6)PUFAs in PC; ∑SFAs, ∑MUFAs, ∑PUFAs, ∑(n-3)PUFAs and ∑(n-6)PUFAs in PE; ∑(n-3)PUFAs and ∑(n-6)PUFAs in PI; ∑SFAs, ∑MUFAs, ∑PUFAs, ∑(n-3) PUFAs and ∑(n-6)PUFAs in PS were significant in gill. The changes in the fatty acids of the PL classes in response to deltamethrin can influence structure and functions of the membrane systems. Changes in fatty acids may be one defense mechanism against the deltamethrin.

Effect of seasonal variation on lipid and fatty acid profile in muscle tissue of male and female Silurus triostegus

Fatty acid (FA) compositions of total lipid, phospholipid (PL) and triacylglycerol (TAG) fractions have been determined in muscle tissues of Silurus triostegus. The distributions of saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) proportions were found to be different among total lipid, PL and TAG fractions from lipids in muscle tissues of the male and female S. triostegus in all seasons. Triacylglycerol contained a lower proportion of PUFA and a higher proportion of MUFA and SFA than PL while PL contained higher proportion of PUFA than proportion of MUFA and SFA compared to TAG. Triacylglycerol and PL fatty acid compositions in muscle tissues of the male and female fish species were found different. The most abundant fatty acids in the investigated seasons were palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1 n-9), palmitoleic acid (C16:1 n-7) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n-3). It was shown that the total lipid content and FA compositions in muscle tissues of the male and female S. triostegus were influenced by reproduction period and season.

Variations in the fatty acid compositions of the liver and gonad tissue of spiny eel (Mastacembelus mastacembelus) from Atatürk Dam Lake

Abstract Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate quantitative and qualitative fatty acid profiles of the gonad and liver tissue of female Mastacembelus mastacembelus (spiny eel). Methods: Total lipids were extracted with 5 mL of chloroform-methanol (2:1 v/v). Samples containing gonad and liver lipid were transesterified with acidified methanol. The fatty acid methyl esters were extracted with hexane. Fatty acids were detected by gas chromatography (GC). Results: The major saturated fatty acids (SFAs) were myristic acid (C14:0), palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0) in both gonad and liver tissue. Oleic acid (C18:1 ω-9) and palmitoleic acid (C16:1 ω-7) were the prominent monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA). The dominant polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were linoleic acid (LA, C18:2 ω-6), arachidonic acid (AA, C20:4 ω-6), docosapentaenoic acid (C22:5 ω-3) and docoesahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6 ω-3). The ratio of ω-3/ω-6 ranged from 1.55 to 3.44 and 1.18 to 2.71 in the gonad and liver tissue, respectively. Conclusion: The findings of this study will be useful for understanding the seasonal distribution of fatty acid composition in the liver and gonad of spiny eel.

Comparison of lipid contents and fatty acid profiles of freshwater fish from the Atatürk Dam Lake / Atatürk Baraj Gölü’ndeki tatlısu balıklarının lipid içeriği ve yağ asidi profilinin karşılaştırılması

Abstract Objective: The objective of the study was to examine the lipid levels, fatty acid profiles (especially EPA and DHA which play an important role in the prevention of a wide variety disorders such as; coronary heart disease, hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis, breast and colon cancer, Alzheimer disease, inflammation and autoimmune disorders) and n-3/n-6 ratio of some freshwater fish in Ataturk Dam Lake. Methods: Samples of 12 fish species from the Ataturk Dam Lake (Turkey) were investigated for their fat content and fatty acid composition (Aspius vorax, Carasobarbus luteus, Carassius gibelio, Liza abu, Acanthobrama marmid, Barbus xanthopterus, Cyprinion macrostomum, Carassius auratus, Calcalburnus mossulensis, Capoeta trutta, Mastacembelus simack, Chondrostoma regium). Total lipids were extracted with 10 ml of chloroform-methanol (2/1v/v). Samples containing muscle lipid were transesterified with acidified methanol. The fatty acid methyl esters were extracted with hexane. Fatty acids were detected by gas chromatography (GC). Results: The lipid content of species ranged from 0.78% to 2.51%. The highest lipid content was found in female C. trutta (2.51%). The major SFAs were myristic acid (C14:0), palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0). Oleic acid (C18:1 n-9) and palmitoleic acid (C16:1 n-7) were the prominent MUFA. The dominant PUFAs were linoleic acid (LA, C18:2 n-6), linolenic acid (ALA, C18:3 n-3), arachidonic acid (AA, C20:4 n-6), eicoesapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5 n-3) and docoesahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6 n-3). The ratio of n-3/n-6 PUFAs ranged from 1.22 to 4.71. Conclusion: In this study, the fatty acid composition varied between different species In addition, the highest n-3/n-6 ratios were observed in female C. trutta, C. mossulensis, C. regium and A. vorax. Therefore, these species are economically important fish considering n-3 fatty acids and n-3/n-6 ratios. Özet Amac: Bu calışmanın amacı Ataturk Baraj Golu’ndeki bazı tatlısu balıklarının lipit miktarlarını, yağ asidi profilini (Koroner kalp hastalığı, hipertansiyon, romatoid artrit, meme ve kolon kanseri, Alzheimer hastalığı, yangı ve otoimmun hastalıklar gibi bircok hastalığın onlenmesinde rol oynayan EPA ve DHA) ve n-3/n-6 oranını incelemektir. Metod: Ataturk Baraj Golu’nden (Turkiye) 12 balık turunun yağ iceriği ve yağ asidi kompozisyonu araştırıldı (Aspius vorax, Carasobarbus luteus, Carassius gibelio, Liza abu, Acanthobrama marmid, Barbus xanthopterus, Cyprinion macrostomum, Carassius auratus, Calcalburnus mossulensis, Capoeta trutta, Mastacembelus simack, Chondrostoma regium). Total lipitler, 10 ml kloroform-metanol (2/1v/v) cozeltisi ile ekstrakte edildi. Kas lipitlerini iceren ornekler asitli metanol ile ester haline getirildi. Yağ asidi metil esterleri hekzan ile ekstrakte edildi. Yağ asitleri gaz kromatografi (GC) ile tespit edildi. Bulgular: Turlerin lipid iceriği %0.78’den %2.51’e kadar değişti. En yuksek lipit iceriği dişi C. trutta (%2.51)’da bulundu. Major SFA’ları miristik asit (C14:0), palmitik asit (C16:0) ve stearik asit (C18:0)’dı. Oleik asit (C18:1 n-9) ve palmitoleik asit (C16:1 n-7) belirgin MUFA’larıydı. Baskın PUFA’lar linoleik asit (LA, C18:2 n-6), linolenik asit (ALA, C18:3 n-3), arakidonik asit (AA, C20:4 n-6), eikosapentaenoik asit (EPA, C20:5 n-3) ve dokosahekzaenoik asit (DHA, C22:6 n-3)’lerdi. N-3/n6 PUFA’lar 1.22’den 4.71’e değişti. Sonuc: Bu calışmada, yağ asidi kompozisyonu farklı turler arasında farklılık gosterdi Ilaveten, en yuksek n-3/n-6 oranı, dişi C. trutta, C. mossulensis, C. regium ve A. vorax’da saptandı. Bu yuzden, bu turler icerdikleri n-3 yağ asitleri ve n-3/n-6 oranı ile ekonomik olarak onemlidir.